Instructional Leadership. Throughout The Readings,...

Instructional Leadership Throughout the readings, instructional district leadership that made the most impact dealt with incorporating collaborative objectives with regards to academic achievement. For instance, Waters Marzano (2006) found effective superintendents ensure that the collaborative goal setting process results in nonnegotiable goal in student achievement and instruction (p. 4). Collaborative goal setting is one of the crucial aspects of instructional leadership. Specifically, effective goal setting is one of the most important characteristics a leader can utilize to drive instruction (Leaf Odhiambo, 2017). In my experience in education, goal setting accomplishes providing direction and exercising influences with†¦show more content†¦The reason for the lack of growth is there needs to be a collaborative focus on the instructional core. The instructional core is the interplay between the educator, students, and the content in the learning setting. These three cores make up how tea ching and learning look in the classroom. Thus, to go deeper with improving instruction the focus needs to be on what work is done in class and how the beliefs and understandings of knowledge and skill of the adults who are working with pupils constrain their learning (Costante, 2010, p. 4). This means teachers go through routines and procedures where all parties involved are in a comfortable place with teaching and learning. At times students describe the instructional delivery as a game. As long as students follow the routines, procedures, and do the tasks the teacher puts in place, then they will come out with a passing grade. Usually, the tasks completed in class are at a lower cognitive demand, the level of content, and student engagement than educators think they are. Another key focus with instructional leadership consists of the assessment used for accountability, which in today s classroom usually deals with summative assessment. In Texas, a major part of the accountability system geared towardsShow MoreRelatedInstructional Leadership905 Words   |  4 PagesEffective school leadership today must combine the traditional school leadership duties such as teacher evaluation, budgeting, scheduling, and facilities maintenance with a deep involvement with specific aspects of teaching and learning. Effective instructional leaders are intensely involved in curricular and instructional issues that directly affect student achievement (Cotton, 2003). The writer of this paper acknowledges that school principals should play the role of instructional leaders, not justRead MoreThe Navy And My Master s Program At Old Dominion University790 Words   |  4 PagesI have learned throughout my career in the Navy and my master’s program at Old Dominion Uni versity, leaders come in all shapes and sizes. Leadership is a trait some individuals are born with and yet it is a skill one can learn, polish, and continually improve upon. No matter the case, in order for one to become a well balanced instructional leader, one must have a central focus of learning rather than teaching, know how to balance being a supervisor and evaluator, and finally, they must encourageRead MoreImportance Of Student Learning On The English Language Arts Smarter Balanced Assessment1267 Words   |  6 PagesMiddle School students will achieve their target (average percentage of target achieved) on the English Language Arts Smarter Balanced Assessment. Student Learning Outcome 1 Rationale †¢ Prior to the start of this school year, I collaborated with my leadership team to develop our SCIP plan. Through that process we identified the district goal that aligned to our school focus. Goal # 1B: All students will be able to identify valuable information, research across multiple varied texts, synthesize informationRead MoreThe Role Of Servant Leadership And Positive Organizational Climate Essay1541 Words   |  7 Pages and increase the likelihood of becoming servants themselves (Spears Lawrence, 2004). Studies have shown a relationship between implementing principles of servant leadership and positive organizational climate (Ehrhart, 2004; Hunt, 2002; McCowan, 2004). In Good to Great, Jim Collins (2001) describes the highest level of leadership as a Level 5 leader, who is a servant leader. Collins also contends the companies that evolved from good to great had Level 5 leaders and that the transformational powerRead MoreThe Role Of Instructional Leader At Napavine Jr.934 Words   |  4 PagesA. Principal’s View of Instructional Leader Role 1. The role of instructional leader at Napavine Jr. Sr. High School is one of shared respect. The administrators’ role is that of manager. He oversees the operation of the building, the curriculum selection, staff’s adherence to state and federal mandates, student behavior and staff behavior. The principal expects teachers to teach the curricula selected by teachers and to adhere to the general attendance and behavior expectations set forth by ourRead MoreImplementing A New Program For Students And Staff Achieve The District Vision And Goals924 Words   |  4 PagesJUSCo district leadership felt were critical to ask in the pursuit of excellence. Answers to how we are going ensure all student achieve high standards follow each critical question in the areas of curriculum, instruction, and assessment, but were constructed collaboratively with JUSCo building level leaders, coaches, teachers, students, parents, and community members. The specific roles of the superintendent and assistant superintendent in this program are those of instructional leaders, communicatorsRead MoreHigh Stakes Testing : Is It More Than Just Numbers And Test Scores? Essay1383 Words   |  6 Pagesachievement being the priority in education, this era of accountability and high stakes testing puts a great deal of pressure on an educational leader. Therefore, learning about data driven decision-making (3D) added another valuable tool to my leadership repertoire. Because students need to be prepared for working in the 21st century, incorporating technology into the classroom as well as using it for data purposes is a must. As I strive to close the learning gaps for students, discussing andRead MoreLiteracy Models and Instructional Reform for Educators Essay780 Words   |  4 PagesAmerica, effective practices of reading instruction are being discussed. Calkins (2012) suggests that over 85% of students being tested on grade level literac y standards are non-proficient. Research suggests that students, who are unable to read proficiently by third grade, are not predicted to ever learn to read or have successful lives when they reach adulthood (Martinez, 2008). For these reasons, it is important that districts implement literacy models and instructional reforms that have been wellRead MoreThe Mission Of Robert A. Cross Middle Magnet School968 Words   |  4 Pages Parent participation and attitudes toward the school and parent support of the program are necessary for success. The educational process for all students is extremely important to us. We guard instructional time and the instructional environment. Our goals are: 1. To achieve the mastery of reading, writing, grammar, and mathematics in an organized, disciplined, and systematic teaching environment 2. To provide an environment for learning that stresses self-discipline, order, respect for authorityRead MoreEffective Practices for Evaluation Instructional Materials2096 Words   |  9 PagesEffective Practices for Evaluating Instructional Materials and Strategies Effective Practices for Evaluating Instructional Materials and Strategies by Sharita Baker Andrea Daniels Gina McNally Instructional Leadership: Theory and Practice EDU 615 Submitted To: Henry Raines Graduate Studies in Education School of Education and Social Services Saint Leo University Saint Leo University November 12, 2011 Abstract Instructional Leadership: Theory and Practice EDU 615 Gina

Biography of Socrates, An Annotated Bibliography - 1581 Words

Bibliographical Annotations FUTTER, DYLAN. â€Å"Socrates Human Wisdom.† Dialogue: Canadian Philosophical Review 52.1 (2013): 61-79. Humanities International Complete. Print. Dylan, the senior lecturer of the Department of Philosophy at University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg and author of several articles provides the argument that a satisfactory interpretation of human wisdom can be given in terms of â€Å"philosophia†.He confirms his analysis by its resolution of some enduring difficulties in the interpretation of Apology and also by providing the answer as to why Socrates continued to search for knowledge which he thought was impossible to attain. He tries to explain the concept of human wisdom with the help of Socrates sayings. Overall, Dylan provides a clear analysis with the proper tone and style. Kenneth C. Blanchard, Jr. â€Å"The Enemies of Socrates: Piety and Sophism in the Socratic Drama.† The Review of Politics. 62.3 (2003): 421-449. Print. Blanchard, is a professor political science professor at Northern State University. He is also the author of many author book and articles. In his article, â€Å"The Enemies of Socrates: Piety and Sophism in the Socratic Drama,† he portrays the collision between the philosopher and his fellow citizens is the central dramatic event. These collisions between the philosophers’, tie the paper to the ideas of Socrates. In the article he mentions that Socrates dies because he arouses pious indignation. He makes his journal stronger byShow MoreRelatedMartin Luther King Jr. Essay1553 Words   |  7 Pageseducated scholar, and not an angry black reformer. In doing so, he creates a stronger foundation for his own ideas and views, thus giving his need for change a more rational basis. Later, King uses a well-known philosopher in his argument. Just as Socrates felt that it was necessary to create a tension in the mind so that individuals could rise from the bondage of myths and half-truths to the unfettered realm of creative analysis and objective appraisal, so must we see the need for nonviolent gadfliesRead MoreAnnotated Bibliography Of George Boos1818 Words   |  8 PagesAnnotated Bibliography Boas, George. â€Å"Fact and Legend in the Biography of Plato.†Ã‚  The Philosophical Review, vol. 57, no. 5, 1948, pp. 439–457.  JSTOR. Web. 1 November 2017. George Boas’ article include many important dates and facts about Plato early life and how they all contributed to his literature works. According to Boas, Plato had a father name Ariston and his father was dead at the time of Socrates’s trial (440). Plato was born on the first year of 88th Olympiad, on the seventh day of ThargelionRead More Greek Education v.s Roman Education Essay examples6135 Words   |  25 Pagesmainly in the subjects of Roman law and music (Avi-Yonah 177). Greek academies were prevalent during Roman existence. One of the well-known Greek academies that existed around 387 B.C. was Plato’s Academy (Dewald 1088). Plato was a devoted pupil of Socrates and founded this academy primarily for the pursuit of knowledge (Handbook: Greece 254). The instruction included important intellectual aptitude mainly in the subjects of mathematics and poetry, which were not popular among the Roman pupils (DewaldRead MoreGreek Education V.S Roman Education6248 Words   |  25 Pagesmainly in the subjects of Roman law and music (Avi-Yonah 177). Greek academies were prevalent during Roman existence. One of the well-known Greek academies that existed around 387 B.C. was Platos Academy (Dewald 1088). Plato was a devoted pupil of Socrates and founded this academy primarily for the pursuit of knowledge (Handbook: Greece 254). The instruction included important intellectual aptitude mainly in the subjects of mathematics and poetry, which were not popular among the Roman pupils (DewaldRead MoreContemporary Issues in Management Accounting211377 Words   |  846 Pagesof strategy’, if sometimes the fate of unwary strategists. 174 HOSKIN, MACVE, AND STONE Bracker then shifts to the other extreme. The strategic viewpoint, after brieXy Xourishing in ancient Greece (particularly, he adds, in the ideas of Socrates) was then lost, for all practical purposes, with the fall of the Greek city-states and was not to rise again until after the Industrial Revolution. (1980: 219) Even then, it only really emerged after the Second World War, as business ‘moved fromRead MoreLibrary Management204752 Words   |  820 Pagesadministrative officials, and board of generals, indicates an appreciation of various managerial functions. Socrates’ definition of management as a skill separate from technical knowledge and experience is remarkably close to our current understanding of it. The Greek influence on scientific management is revealed in their writings; for example, Plato wrote about specialization, and Socrates described management issues.3 In ancient Rome, the complexity of a huge empire demanded the use of management

Adolescent Alcohol Abuse Essay Example For Students

Adolescent Alcohol Abuse Essay Adolescent Alcohol Abuse Essay: What Factors are Present? Over the years, many researchers have dedicated their time and energy to study adolescent alcohol abuse. They have found that there are many factors that contribute to adolescent alcohol abuse. These factors are psychological, environmental, social, and cultural. Not all of these factors play a part in every adolescent who abuses alcohol, but one of these factors is usually present. Psychological disorders have been found in both American, and Taiwan adolescents who abuse alcohol. The health risks of adolescent alcohol abuse are great. Alcohol affects the physiology of a young person. It disrupts the genetics and hormonal balances that are critical in the early development of youngsters. Treatment of alcohol abuse is a great state of change and development. Many therapists, doctors and counselors are trying to incorporate new treatment ideas and methods into the traditional techniques that have been used for years now. It is important to research the factors that contribute to adolescent alcohol abuse because if these factors are detected early, and an adolescent is put into a prevention program the likelihood that they will abuse alcohol will greatly decrease. Psychological Factors According to the research, there have been many psychological problems found in adolescents who abuse alcohol. The majority of the research has been done in order to solve the question of whether or not these psychological factors are present before an adolescent abuses alcohol, or after the alcohol abuse has occurred. In the research done by Rhode, Lewinsohn, and Seeley (1996), they used a community sample of 1,507 adolescents between the ages of fourteen and eighteen. The adolescents were classified into the categories of abstainers, experimenters, social drinkers, problem drinkers, and abuse and/or dependent groups. In this study, 373 subjects met the criteria for depression, 15 were bipolar, 93 suffered from manic core symptoms, and 124 had an anxiety disorder (Rhode et al., 1996). Furthermore, anxiety disorder and depression were psychological disorders that were more prevalent in female adolescents with alcohol abuse than their male counterparts. Males who abused alcohol tended to suffer from antisocial personality disorder. It is believed that females who suffer from anxiety disorder or depression use alcohol as a self-medication to make them feel better. According to Clark, and Bukstein (1998), one form of antisocial disorder known as conduct disorder lead adolescents to act out and seek out new experiences. This is probably the reason why adolescent males with an antisocial disorder turn to alcohol abuse. According to Rhode (et al. , 1996), More than 80% of adolescents with an alcohol use disorder had another psychiatric disorder. (p. 106). In his study, the alcohol abuse tended to follow rather than proceed the psychiatric disorder. From this, it can be concluded that certain psychological disorders such as antisocial disorder, and depression are a factor in adolescent alcohol abuse. Environmental Factors Many studies have focused on the environmental factors that adolescents are exposed to, and how these factors lead to alcohol abuse. The aim of a study performed by Clark, Lesnick, and Hegedus (1997), Was to examine trauma history and other adverse life events in adolescents with alcohol dependence or abuse and to compare them with a sample of community-dwelling adolescents without alcohol use disorder (p.1746). This study included 256 adolescents between the ages of fourteen and eighteen (Clark et al. , 1997). Adolescents who abused, or were dependent on alcohol reported more traumas then those in the control group. The types of abuse experienced by males and females tended to differ. Females experienced more sexual abuse, and males tended to be victims of violent acts. Both sexual abuse victims, and victims of violent acts showed increased amounts of alcohol use than those adolescents who were not abused in any way. If subjects experienced a number of traumas, they tended to abuse alcohol more than those that experienced only one trauma or no trauma at all. Hamlet Brutal Truth Essay From this study, it can be concluded that trauma and abuse leads to adolescent alcohol abuse. Social Factors A study done on Hispanic and Black adolescents in the New York inner cities concluded that there were indeed social factors that contributed to adolescent alcohol abuse. The study used a sample of 4,874 Hispanic and African .

Manifest Destiny Essays - Second Party System,

Manifest Destiny During the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries the United States saw many problems come and go. Some problems were more important than others, however all led to further division of American politics. The most divisive issue in American politics during this time frame was the idea of Manifest Destiny, or territorial expansion. Manifest Destiny was the idea that it was the United States destiny to take over all of North America from the Atlantic to the Pacific. Most of the public was in favor of territorial expansion, though some politicians felt it contradicted the constitution. Strict constructionists were against territorial expansion, while loose constructionists felt expansion was the United States destiny. Strict constructionists centered their platform around the fact that the constitution never directly states that the federal government has the right to acquire land. Those that view the constitution liberally, or loose constructionists, counter that stand by claiming the right of expansion falls under the governments implied powers. Loose constructionists and strict constructionists are the main divisive factor for the United States political parties: the democrats and the whigs. One of the supporters of Manifest Destiny was, democrat, James Polk who served as president from 1844 to 1848. Polk was strongly in favor of expanding the United States to the Pacific. This opinion won him the election of 1844. That year Henry Clay, a well known and loved figure in American politics, ran and was expected to blow, little known, Polk of the charts. The only problem was Clay was nervous about territorial expansion. He did not want was with Mexico and was unsure of the constitutionality of expanding. Polk won because the majority of the public believed in Manifest Destiny. Along with influencing presidential elections, Manifest Destiny played a role in the slavery issue. Entering the mid eighteen hundreds slavery was a very sensitive subject, and some of the bad feelings that caused this sensitivity were caused by territorial expansion. With more lands being acquired the number of slave state and free state representatives in Congress became unbalanced. This caused great distress among the senators and representatives. For instance, free state members of Congress began accusing the slave state members of conspiracies. One such accusation was made by Charles Sumner. He proposed the idea that southerners wanted to acquire more land so they could implant slavery in the territories. With more slave oriented territories that would eventually became slave states, the South would have control of Congress. This is what Sumner called the Slave Power Conspiracy. Slavery stirred up a lot of hard feelings though the slavery issue was not the hottest of the problems associated with territorial expansion. War with Mexico and Great Britain worried many of the people who were against expansion. James Polk had been elected when the wars were on the verge of breaking out. The potential war with Britain was resolved early in Polk presidency. He obviously wanted nothing to do with Britains powerful navy, for he agreed to a compromise that gave the United States far less of Oregon than the public wanted. The Mexico situation was different in that Polk did not have the fear of Mexico that he had of Great Britain. Polk felt a war with Mexico would only prove profitable for the United States, so he inticed the Mexicans to attack. Once Mexico attacked, Polk claimed he had to defend the United States, for Mexico had invaded American territory. Polk claimed, The cup of forbearance had been exhausted... [Mexico] had passed the boundary of the United States, has invaded our territory, and shed American blood upon the American soil. (Tindall 587) Polks unexpected election, slavery conflicts, and the Mexican war were all issues in American politics during the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. Of all the possible explanations for these problems, territorial expansion is the number one reason. The idea of Manifest Destiny split American politics more than any other factor up to the eighteen fifties. American History

261 Ginsberg and Howl Professor Ramos Blog

261 Ginsberg and Howl Allen Ginsberg (1926 1997) Quick Write Allen Ginsberg (1926 1997) Howl (1956)

Free Essays on El Nino

El Nino El Nino has been a reoccurring phenomenon for centuries. Man has only started to realize how much of the worlds weather is effected by it. The term El Nino refers to an irregular warming of the seas surface. During the last 40 years there have been 10 significant El Nino occurrences. Most affecting the coast of South America. Water temperatures increase along the coast as far as the Galapagos islands. Weak events will raise the water temperature 2 to 4 degrees Celsius and will have minor impact on fishing. However strong events such as the 1982-83 event will disrupt climate conditions around the world as well as local conditions. It has been linked to floods and droughts all over the world. Hurricanes and tropical storms are also altered in their numbers by El Nino. Therefore it would be very helpful for people if El Nino could be predicted and prepared for in some form. During a El Nino cycle there are many biological changes. Due to a depressed thermocline there is less photosynthetic activity resulting in a decrease in the primary life forms that form the beginning of the food chain. The warmer waters that are brought by these changing cycles hold less dissolved oxygen forcing fish to go deeper or venture elsewhere. Due to a lack of data during El Nino occurrences it is not fully known if fish populations are depleted solely due to exposure to El Nino. A decrease in their growth and reproductive success has been observed by many surveys in coastal waters. The link between climatic effects around the world and El Nino is now well established. It has taken many years of studying to understand how the pieces of the puzzle, from ocean currents to winds and heavy rains fit together. During the 1920s a scientist was on assignment in India trying to predict the Asian monsoons. As he sorted through his records he discovered a connection between barometer readings at stations on the eastern and western sides of the ... Free Essays on El Nino Free Essays on El Nino El Nino El Nino has been a reoccurring phenomenon for centuries. Man has only started to realize how much of the worlds weather is effected by it. The term El Nino refers to an irregular warming of the seas surface. During the last 40 years there have been 10 significant El Nino occurrences. Most affecting the coast of South America. Water temperatures increase along the coast as far as the Galapagos islands. Weak events will raise the water temperature 2 to 4 degrees Celsius and will have minor impact on fishing. However strong events such as the 1982-83 event will disrupt climate conditions around the world as well as local conditions. It has been linked to floods and droughts all over the world. Hurricanes and tropical storms are also altered in their numbers by El Nino. Therefore it would be very helpful for people if El Nino could be predicted and prepared for in some form. During a El Nino cycle there are many biological changes. Due to a depressed thermocline there is less photosynthetic activity resulting in a decrease in the primary life forms that form the beginning of the food chain. The warmer waters that are brought by these changing cycles hold less dissolved oxygen forcing fish to go deeper or venture elsewhere. Due to a lack of data during El Nino occurrences it is not fully known if fish populations are depleted solely due to exposure to El Nino. A decrease in their growth and reproductive success has been observed by many surveys in coastal waters. The link between climatic effects around the world and El Nino is now well established. It has taken many years of studying to understand how the pieces of the puzzle, from ocean currents to winds and heavy rains fit together. During the 1920s a scientist was on assignment in India trying to predict the Asian monsoons. As he sorted through his records he discovered a connection between barometer readings at stations on the eastern and western sides of the ...

Economy recession Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Economy recession - Assignment Example The former was achieved by formulating monetary policies which included lowered interest rates (as low as 0%), heavy purchase of Treasury bonds and mortgage securities and liquefaction of credit for financial markets and institutions. The deposit insurance limits for financial institutions were increased and comprehensive stress tests were conducted to ensure the stability of the existing institutions. TARP (Troubled Assets Relief Program) was launched in 2008 to navigate finances back into the banking institutions (Blinder and Zandi, 2010). These efforts ensured that the existing institutions were strengthened to face dire circumstances and that the financial system of the country was saved from its looming demise. Attempts were also directed towards the control of recession through policies. Several middle and lower class tax payers were granted with rebates, ARRA (American Recovery and Reinvestment Act) was passed and several small stimulus measures were inducted. The deteriorating condition of the housing sector was rescued by reducing mortgage rates, providing of legal and larger loans, granting tax credits for homebuyers and through the bail-out services of TARP. The auto industry was also saved largely by TARP funds which revived the three major auto companies of US and the world (Blinder and Zandi, 2010). Even though the federal budget was highly strained in process, a recovery in the economic downfall and a change of course towards economic growth was achieved. It took two administrations, the Federal Reserve and the Congress to pull US out of its deteriorating economic conditions (Blinder and Zandi, 2010). Their policies are highly criticized as these had exerted immense strain on the Federal Reserve and the US Budget. Nevertheless, it is highly possible that the US economy would have been largely demolished if such aggressive actions were not

GOALS ESSAY Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

GOALS - Essay Example My academic pursuits were put on hold when I enlisted in the U.S. Army. My years in active service in Germany proved to be a turning point in my life. Not only did it inculcate in me a new-found self-respect, discipline and spirit of altruism, army life also heightened my awareness of the myriad individual differences in man and, above all, the basic goodness inherent in all humanity. I saw men battle not only their adversaries, but also their own fatigue, fears and attitudes, to rise to the occasion and triumph against all odds. I was now resolved to make a career choice devoted to working closely with people on a personal level. I believe that my past experiences, including my B.S. in Family Studies in Gerontology, have equipped me to contribute in my own way to the field of Counseling Psychology. I have seen, at first hand, the power of positive thinking which can make a man reach unthought-of levels of endurance and achievement. My interpersonal skills are particularly suited to the role of a psychological counselor. My career in the Army and the Postal Service has exposed me to a vast number of people of varying ethnic, economic and social backgrounds and heightened my powers of observation and communication. I consider the primary role of a psychological counselor to be that of a facilitator in the therapeutic process. In dealing with everyday stresses and the problems pertaining to careers, academics, marriage and family, the counselor can be the sounding board for the client’s thoughts and emotions, guiding him to a coherent understanding of his emotions and problems. My conception of an effective counselor is one who helps the client to help himself. In this context, I am confident that my interpersonal skills, powers of observation and my trait of being a good listener are resources I can draw upon in developing the client’s treatment plan. I believe that communication is the basic

Observing Bacteria Essay Example for Free

Observing Bacteria Essay Abstract: Microscopes are fragile instruments that must be handle with extreme caution as they can produce high quality results when observing the smallest specimens on earth. A microscope must be properly cleaned before use and storage. The different objectives allow for a range of observations. At the highest objectives, the resolution can easily be lost which is why the oil immersion lens is used to minimize refraction. While observing specimens, both dead and active, their shapes and arrangements can be observed. For example, the oil immersion lens can be used to observe the active Streptobacillus bacteria in yogurt. Purpose: The purpose of this lab was to display knowledge of the use of a compound microscope with and without an oil immersion lens while observing and identifying various bacterial shapes and arrangements, including a self prepared yogurt culture. Procedure: Exercise 1: Viewing Prepared Slides 1. After setting up and cleaning all lenses, place the prepared e slide properly on the stage. 2. View the slide under the10x objective by moving it around with the X and Y stage travel knobs then focus it by first using the coarse adjustment followed by the fine adjustment until the view is clear. 3. Adjust the diaphragm to allow enough light for good resolution. 4. After a micrograph is taken, rotate the 10x objective away from the specimen and the 40x over it. Use the fine adjustment knob to bring the specimen back into focus. 5. Repeat the above steps for 6 more specimens. Those viewed and micrographed in this lab are: Amoeba Anabaena Ascaris eggs Paramecium Yeast Penicillium Part 2 of Exercise 1: 1. View 6 more prepared slides by using the oil immersion lens. Follow steps 1-5 above to locate, center, and focus each slide at 10x and 40x. 2. Then swing the 40x objective to its half way position with the 100x objective nearing the slide. 3. Add a drop of provided oil to the slide cover’s surface and slowly swing the 100x objective over. 4. Using the fine adjustment knob bring the specimen into focus and take a micrograph. 5. Repeat this process for 5 more specimens. Those that were micrograph in this lab were: Bacillus Coccus Spirillium Prepared Yogurt Exercise 2: Observing Bacteria Cultures in Yogurt 1. Using a clean sealable glass jar, place a teaspoon of yogurt in the container. 2. Cover the jar and place in a dark, relatively warm areas fro 12-24 hours. 3. Place a sample of the yogurt specimen in a clean slide using a toothpick and cover with a cover slip. 4. Repeat the above steps for viewing the slide at the 10x, 40x, and 100x oil immersion with the microscope. Keep the diaphragm low, as the bacteria will be transparent. 5. Repeat the viewing process with the prepared yogurt slide from the lab kit. Compare the two specimens. 6. Clean all items used in this lab: specimen vials, slides, and microscope. Carefully cover and store microscope. Data/Observation: Specimens observed in Exercise 1 Part 1 with the 10x objective: Amoeba Proteus at 100x Anabaena w.m. at 100x Ascaris Eggs, w.m. at 100x Paramecium Conjugation at 100x Yeast, w.m. at 100x Pencillium with conidia, w.m. at 100x Specimens observed in Exercise 1 Part 2 Exercise 2 with the 40x objective: Bacteria Bacillus form at 400x Bacteria Coccus form at 400x Bacteria Spirillum form at 400x Yoghurt Bacteria at 400x Fresh Yogurt Specimen at 400x Specimens observed in Exercise 2 with the 100x Oil Immersion Fresh Yogurt Specimen at 1000x Results/Analysis: A. Identify the following parts of the microscope and describe the function of each. A. Eyepiece lens B. Tube C. Nosepiece D. Objective Lens E. Stage F. Diaphragm G. Mirror H. Coarse Adjustment knob I. Fine Adjustment knob J. Arm K. Clip L. Base B. Define the following microscopy terms: Focus: The point at which the light from a lens comes together. Resolution: The closest two objects can be before they are no longer detected as separate objects. Contrast: The difference in light intensity between the image and the adjacent background relative to the overall background intensity. C. Describe your observations from the fresh yogurt slide you prepared in Exercise 2. D. Were there observable differences between your fresh yogurt slide and the prepared yogurt slide? If so, explain. CD: Observation of the prepared slide was made easier by the purple staining and the dead bacteria. The observation of the fresh specimen was harder to see in a focused manner because it continued to move. The prepared slide is an obvious Bacillus bacterium. While the fresh sample is harder to focus so it is not as easily observed as Bacillus bacterium. There are more bacteria present in the fresh specimen than in the prepared slide. E Describe the four main bacterial shapes. Cocci: a spherically shaped bacterium Bacillus: a rod shaped bacterium Spirillum: spirally shaped bacterium Vibrio: comma or S shaped bacteria F. What are the common arrangements of bacteria? Cocci: occurring as a single sphere Diplococci: occurring as spheres in pairs Streptococci: chains of linked spheres Staphylococci: spheres grouped in grape like clusters Bacillus: a single rod arrangement Diplobacillus: pairs of rods Streptobacillus: Chain-linked rods G. Were you able to identify specific bacterial morphologies on either yogurt slide? If so, which types? In both samples Streptobacilluss arrangements and shapes were observed. They were more prevalent and easy to distinguish in the prepared slide since that bacteria was not actively moving. At times the fresh specimen at 400x looked like Staphylococci; however, upon observing the bacteria closer at 1000x it was obvious that there were no sphere shaped bacterium present. H. What is the purpose of immersion oil? Why does it work? Normally, the quality of an observed specimen decreases with the number of lenses, glass, etc that the light travels through. With the oil immersion lens, one of the strongest microscope lenses at 100x, the oil restricts the light refraction allowing for a clear focused image at such a high resolution. The oil mixes with the specimen and the oil itself has the same refractive index to that of glass. This gives the specimen a finer resolution and brightness than would have otherwise been observed. Conclusion: In conclusion this lab taught one how to properly use, clean, and store compound microscope. The lab assessed the ability to observe a specimen both provided and freshly prepared with and without an oil immersion lens. This allowed for hands on learning, observation, and identification of various bacterial shapes and arrangements. One was able to extended his/her learning while ageing yogurt and making a fresh specimen on a slide to be observed at all objectives with and without oil.

Australian People :: essays research papers

Australian People   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The population of Australia is 18,438,824.The Birth Rate is 13.73, per 1000 people. The death rate is 6.89 per 1000 people. Those two were per year on average. The migration rate is 2.71 immigrants per 1000 people. The Life expectancy is higher than the US at 79.64. (Male 76.69, Female 82.74) There are three major ethnic groups in Australia. The Caucasian makes up 95%, the Asians make up 4%, and the Aboriginal make up 1%.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The official language of Australia is English. It is spoken by more than 99% of the population. The languages come from Europe and Oceania. (Australia, New Zealand etc.) There are several Aboriginal dialects spoken throughout the country. The writing system is Arabic. The Australians often use mate as a way to address others.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There are three major religions in Australia. Anglican makes up 26.1 % of the population. Roman Catholic makes up 26% and other Christian religions make up 24.3% of the population. Burial services are very similar to the ones practiced by Americans in the US. The Aboriginal buries their dead and marks the burial grounds to symbolize the sky world in which they will be reincarnated.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Average Australian family consists of three members. The Father is the dominant member. There are some extended families of grandparents. Some Aboriginal now live in cities although most still live in the Outback in small rural communities. Aboriginal families are generally large. The children often work for the parents in the fields or around the dwelling. Families that live in urban areas usually have a higher income rate. They usually live in houses. Marriage is your choice, like in the US. Divorce is allowed by legal agreement and Polygamy is outlawed. Australian People :: essays research papers Australian People   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The population of Australia is 18,438,824.The Birth Rate is 13.73, per 1000 people. The death rate is 6.89 per 1000 people. Those two were per year on average. The migration rate is 2.71 immigrants per 1000 people. The Life expectancy is higher than the US at 79.64. (Male 76.69, Female 82.74) There are three major ethnic groups in Australia. The Caucasian makes up 95%, the Asians make up 4%, and the Aboriginal make up 1%.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The official language of Australia is English. It is spoken by more than 99% of the population. The languages come from Europe and Oceania. (Australia, New Zealand etc.) There are several Aboriginal dialects spoken throughout the country. The writing system is Arabic. The Australians often use mate as a way to address others.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There are three major religions in Australia. Anglican makes up 26.1 % of the population. Roman Catholic makes up 26% and other Christian religions make up 24.3% of the population. Burial services are very similar to the ones practiced by Americans in the US. The Aboriginal buries their dead and marks the burial grounds to symbolize the sky world in which they will be reincarnated.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Average Australian family consists of three members. The Father is the dominant member. There are some extended families of grandparents. Some Aboriginal now live in cities although most still live in the Outback in small rural communities. Aboriginal families are generally large. The children often work for the parents in the fields or around the dwelling. Families that live in urban areas usually have a higher income rate. They usually live in houses. Marriage is your choice, like in the US. Divorce is allowed by legal agreement and Polygamy is outlawed.

A Literature Review Identifying Group of Learners Within Society and Providing Reasons for Their Possible Underachievement Essay

Those could include students who do not perform well in a specific subject area, do not show interest in gaining qualifications or perhaps are limited by poor language skills or culture from doing well academically at school. There have been many explanations for low attainment and some of them include: * Natural differences between sexes, * Natural intelligence, * Home background, * Type of schooling, * Different teaching styles (stereotyping by teachers), * Material factors (Hammersley-Fletcher, Lowe & Pugh, 2006). Halsey performed a survey of the working class and found that material factors were central to whether learners stayed at school beyond the age of 16 (Halsley cited in Hammersley-Fletcher, Lowe & Pugh, 2006). Department for Education also states that the gap between the best and worst performers in our system actually widens as they go through education; and it is both significantly wider and more closely related to socio-economic status in this country than anywhere else (DFES, 2004). In education, the relationship between schools and social inequality is often explored by looking at the test and examination scores achieved by different groups of children and young people, and other monitoring data. According to Molly Warrington by the age of 11, girls in many primary schools are performing better than boys, particularly in English, and this pattern of differential achievement is sustained and exacerbated throughout secondary education (Warrington and Younger, 2006). This is a particular concern for white working class boys which is the reason why we should evaluate it further trying to establish possible reasons for their underachievement. BBC reported that government figures from January 2008 show only 15% of white working class boys in England getting five good GCSEs including maths and English. (BBC News, 2008). Above view is also supported by the chief inspector of schools who stated that white boys from poor families were worst affected and achieved the worst results aged 16 at school. White British boys who qualify for free school meals achieve the worst results of any apart from gypsy and traveller children – with just 29 per cent getting good marks. (Daily Mail, 2012) Why is this happening then in a modern world where we seem to have unlimited access to books, resources and other forms of help towards achievement? There is no doubt that to be able to achieve we must have the desire to learn and aspirations to perform well academically. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs outlines the necessity of satisfying the basic physiological and safety needs before the ones on upper levels like achievement, understanding and approval make students realise their potential. Unfortunately white working class households often undermine the values of schooling, academic achievement and aspirations. Boys from very early age associate manual labour with ‘masculinity and toughness’ therefore do not find academic learning relevant to them as it is not based on what they have been told or taught at home. Department for Education confirms that ‘schools where socio-cultural strategies were most transformative were those where head teachers recognised that there were sometimes conflicts between the cultural contexts of home and school, and that such conflicts might lead to disengagement and potential underachievement’ (DfES, 2005) Paul Willis performed a case study through a detailed ethnographic account of school lives of white working class boys who were ‘destined’ for labour. Boys showed lack of commitment to schoolwork and an acceptance of the authority of the teacher at the same time associating manual labour with ‘masculinity and toughness’. Willis argued that the boys were drawing upon cultural constructions of masculinity which idealised manual workers strength, so becoming a source of higher self-esteem. The ‘lads’ asserted their masculinity in the stories they told about resisting mental work (Willis, 1977). Most schools in Britain are dominated by the anti-education and anti-aspiration culture which has much more pronounced effects on boys. They believe that it is not ‘cool’ to learn, that real men work with their hands, not their minds, and that school does not matter (Telegraph, 2011). All of the above are deeply ingrained in our culture therefore boys like acting tough or hard, for example, by fighting or publicly denying adult authority; using humour and wit, sometimes as a confrontational device against teachers; wearing fashionable clothes and trainers or possessing culturally acclaimed knowledge, for example, being able to talk knowledgeably about the latest computer game (Swain, 2003, 2004). There are many reasons for this behaviour but Connell claims that working class communities in some parts of England are those most affected by the collapse of the traditional local manufacturing industry base and deindustrialization. These working-class boys can no longer rely on work for their traditional status of power and see little point in gaining qualifications, therefore are more likely to reject values that are conducive to academic success such as work ethic or punctuality. For the same reason they do not value academic success and admire peers challenging school’s authority (Connell cited in Younger, 2005). How do we change that? What do schools need to provide the best possible progress and the highest attainment for all pupils? Practical suggestions for educational organisations to better meet the needs of these pupils. Given the amount of literature talking about the underachievement of working class white boys, it appears that the reading material available, suggesting solution to the growing problem is limited. The suggestions on how to better meet the needs of these boys have been based on the literature review. Main points however, have been developed through discussions with school staff, parents and pupils from a local primary school where most pupils are White British with a few from minority ethnic groups. The proportion of pupils with special educational needs and/or disabilities and with a statement of special educational needs is below that found in most schools. Those discussions gave an insight into successful practices that minimise the impact of barriers to achievement for white working class boys. After careful consideration of the subject, improving achievement of boys appears to be a very complex process linked to many factors playing important parts. They include factors like leadership and vision, the curriculum and language support, behaviour management, parental engagement, targeted support including the role of the learning mentor in supporting white working class pupils. Successful transition to Year 7 from Year 6 has proven to also have a positive impact on white working class pupils. ‘These factors are significant in all schools, whether mixed or single-sex, maintained or independent. Senior managers play a crucial role in determining the most appropriate strategy for school improvement, based on close examination of the school situation and identification of the barriers to improving boys achievement’ (OFSTED, 2003). The quality of management and leadership within the schools plays a major part in developing successful strategies. Head teachers who keep their students at the heart of the school’s ethos and everything they do, find it easier to engage staff and parents. Strong leadership can be the driving force behind change, new expectations and inspirational success. They should: * Create a culture of achievement with a positive can do attitude. * Have high expectations and the provision of intensive support should be expected of all * Allocate a lot of time to being in the classroom with teachers and pupils * Make sure that diversity of pupil’s backgrounds and circumstances are celebrated. * Make sure that all children are encouraged to achieve their potential and stereotypical expectations are not made. * Make sure that books used, displays and worksheets avoid stereotypical images, sexist language and represent our multicultural society. The curriculum and language support also plays a major part in tackling underachievement. The Guardian (2013) agrees that barriers to learning faced by white working class boys are mostly concerned with language and literacy: ‘Many of these young people have a limited vocabulary and grasp of standard English and have a limited higher order reading skills such as skimming, scanning, synthesis, and empathy. Pupils with low levels of literacy rarely read at home, and their development in this area stalls when they get into their teens’. Our school believes that the curriculum should be accessible to all children whatever their age, race, gender, ability or social background. The use of appropriate reading materials gives the teachers the ideal opportunity for tackling stereotypical views, as well as widens their knowledge and understanding of things that middle class pupils already know and understand. Considering the above it was interesting to find that Schools and Communities Research Review (2010) suggests, it is unlikely that changing textbooks or curriculum content will in itself lead to improved outcomes in reading or mathematics. It is believed that professional development and coaching in effective teaching strategies make much more of a difference. Continuing, extensive professional development to teachers is likely to improve academic attainment for poor pupils therefore teachers need extensive, engaging workshops to learn new strategies and then coaching to be able to successfully implement and maintain them in their classrooms. Behaviour management also plays a major part in raising achievement of working class boys, and involves using successful strategy which requires a planned approach and subsequently dedication from all parties involved specially educators, pupils and parents. Ofsted reinforces this view by stating that behaviour is significantly better in settings which have a strong sense of community and work closely with parents and carers. In these settings learners feel safe and are confident that issues such as bullying are dealt with swiftly and fairly (Ofsted, 2005). Involvements of parents in the school life of their children, and their aspirations for them, have been also acknowledged as some of the most important factors associated with lower educational achievement. This appears to be particularly relevant to children from low-income families as parental aspirations and attitudes towards education vary significantly according to socio-economic status (Goodman and Gregg 2010). Young working class boys lack self believe and aspirations which results in having difficulties in understanding its importance and relevance. A lot of working class parents have had poor experience of education and believe that there is nothing to be gained from it as their children are likely to end up unemployed, or perhaps have achieved a lot in life through hard work despite having no formal qualifications. In both cases parents do not believe in education therefore pass that view and lack of aspirations onto their children (The Guardian, 2013). The head teacher of the local school reported that the white working class families were the hardest to engage within the life of the school and their children’s learning. School staff expressed frustration at the mismatch between the high aspirations of the school and low aspirations of the parents for their children’s learning, and therefore have to work hard on strategies to engage white parents with a view to raising achievement. School staff are aware that they have to draw parents in for positive reasons as a counter balance for the negative experiences that many had at school themselves. Younger ;amp; Warrington (2005) suggested that a combination of a strong learning ethos in school and increased involvement of parents in their children’s education could raise aspirations and achievement. There are number of reasons why white working class pupils should be able to do well academically despite challenging socio-economic circumstances in the areas served by schools. The evidence presented by the teachers from our local school mentioned earlier, enables the conclusion to be drawn that this school demonstrates the many ways in which they work to support pupils through a wide range of imaginative and inclusive strategies. Their success in raising the achievement of their pupils is a tribute to their vision, and to the very hard work that is needed to make it a reality. WORD COUNT: 2028 References BBC News Channel. (2008). White working class boys failing. Available: http://news. bbc. co. uk/1/hi/education/7220683. stm. Last accessed 28th Feb 2013 Centre for Excellence and Outcomes in Children and Young People’s Services . (2011). Effective classroom strategies for closing the gap in educational achievement for children and young people living in poverty, including white working-class boys. Available: http://www. c4eo. org. uk/themes/schools/classroomstrategies/files/classroom_strategies_research_review. pdf. Last accessed 3th March 2013. Daily Mail. (2012). White working-class boys are consigned to education scrapheap, Ofsted warns. Available: http://www. dailymail. co. uk/news/article-2159616/The-anti-school-culture-condemns-white-boys-failure. tml. Last accessed 28th Feb 2013. Department for Education and Skills. (2004). Five Year Strategy for Children and Learning. Putting people at the heart of public services. Available:https://www. education. gov. uk/publications/eOrderingDownload/DfES-5%20Year%20Plan. pdf. Last accessed 21st February 2013. Department for Education and Skills. (2005). Raising Boys’ Achievement. Available: https://www. education. gov. uk/publications/eOrderingDownload/RR636. pdf. Last accessed 28th Feb 2013. Goodman, A. , Gregg, P. (2010). POORER CHILDREN’S EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT: HOW IMPORTANT ARE ATTITUDES AND BEHAVIOUR?. Available: http://www. jrf. org. uk/publications/educational-attainment-poor-children. Last accessed 3th March 2013. Hammersley-Fletcher, L. , Lowe, M. and Pugh, J. (2006) The Teaching Assistant’s Guide, an essential textbook for foundation degree students. Oxton, Routledge. OFSTED. (2003). Boys’ achievement in secondary schools. Available: http://www. ofsted. gov. uk/resources/boys-achievement-secondary-schools. Last accessed 28th February 2013. OFSTED. (2005) Managing challenging behaviour. Available: http://www. ofsted. gov. uk/resources/managing-challenging-behaviour. Last accessed 15th February 2013. Swain, J. (2003). How young schoolboys become somebody: the role of the body in the construction of masculinity. British Journal of Sociology of Education, 24: 299-314. Swain, J. (2004). The resources and strategies that 10-11-year-old boys use to construct masculinities in the school setting. British Educational Research Journal, 20: 167-85. The Guardian. (2013). Working class boys: schools must work with parents to raise their attainment. Available: http://www. guardian. co. uk/teacher-network/teacher-blog/2013/jan/17/working-class-boys-raise-attainment. Last accessed 3th March 2013. The Telegraph. (2011). Why are poor white boys doing so badly at school? It’s about culture, and we’ve got to change it. Available: http://blogs. telegraph. co. uk/news/neilobrien1/100102225/why-are-poor-white-boys-doing-so-badly-at-school-its-about-culture-and-weve-got-to-change-it/. Last accessed 28th Feb 2013. Warrington, M. , Younger, M. (2006) Raising Boys’ Achievement in Primary Schools. Berkshire, McGraw-Hill Professional Publishing. Willis, P. (1977). Learning to Labour: How Working Class Kids Get Working Class Jobs. Aldershot: Saxon House. Younger, M. , McLellan, R. , Warrington, M. (2005). Raising Boys’ Achievement in Secondary Schools. Birkshire: McGraw-Hill Professional Publishing.

The Customs of Marriage and the Rights of Women in Shakespeare’s A Midsummer Night’s Dream

It is hard to imagine in today's world that there could be or ever have been restrictions on the choice of one's spouse or the bonds of marriage. Yet history shows that only recently has the freedom to choose one's spouse become a reality, more so for women than for men. Women's rights, especially when it came to choosing a mate, were minimal. Marriages for women tended to be arranged, pre-paid, or not allowed before, during, and after the 16th century. One might wonder what rights did women have concerning marriage and how can they be seen in the play, A Midsummer Night's Dream, by William Shakespeare. According to â€Å"The Law's Resolutions of Women's Rights,† published in 1632, women were taught from birth that they were inferior to men. It was a common belief at the time that women were the â€Å"authors of original sin who lured men away from God and salvation† (Tudor Women, 2). Young women, from birth had few rights whether born into privilege or not. The women born into nobility or the upper classes such as Hermia, Helena, and Hippolyta, were given the opportunity to be educated, but mostly in the ways of housewifery such as how to manage a household, needlework, music, meal preparation, and duty to their future mate. All of these qualities were considered imperative in becoming a good wife. Very few women, even those from wealthy backgrounds, were able to become scholars. Some women were taught to read and write, but the majority remained illiterate as it was not deemed a necessary part of their education as future wives. Women's rights concerning marriage were even fewer. â€Å"Husbands of upper class girls were chosen for them by their fathers or other male relatives. Very few women of noble birth chose their own partners† (Tudor Women). Marriages were almost always arranged for political reasons, whether it was to fortify alliances, for land, money, social status, or to strengthen the bonds between two families. It was also considered foolish to marry for love. In A Midsummer Night's Dream, Shakespeare presents this very problem in the story line involving Hermia and Lysander. Hermia is in love with Lysander but her father, Egeus, demands she marry Demetrius, whom he has deemed the only man worthy of his daughter's hand. Although we know that Demetrius and Lysander are both from similar wealthy backgrounds, Demetrius has Egeus's approval for reasons we are unaware. When Lysander proclaims his love for Hermia, Egeus responds heatedly by stating, Scornful Lysander! True [Demetrius] has my love; And what is mine my love shall render him, And she is mine, and all my right of her I do estate unto Demetrius (1.1 95-98). Exercising his rights as the father leaves Hermia unable to marry the man she loves. To add to this sad affair, if she does not do as her father wishes, her father will â€Å"dispose of her, / which shall be either to this gentlemen/ Or to her death† (1.1 43-45). As the law of the land and Biblical law both stated that women and children should submit and obey their parents and husbands, it would have been highly unlikely for Hermia to have married Lysander as she did in the play. This is just one of many political and societal changes Shakespeare made in his play. Weddings during the Elizabethan time were much more time consuming and extravagant than most weddings of today. First there came the betrothal. Theseus and Hippolyta are betrothed although we know through classical history that Theseus captured Hippolyta and owned her. But readers can see that he has a deep admiration for her and we can assume that their betrothal is a somewhat happy one. According to the Compendium of Common Knowledge of Elizabethan England, the betrothal is the giving of what we know as the engagement ring to be put on the right hand. The contract is then sealed by a kiss. This same ring though also becomes the wedding ring and changes to the left hand at the wedding. Also stated in the Compendium, were the rules of the betrothal period. â€Å"The intention to marry must be announced in the church three times; that is, on three consecutive Sundays or holy days, in the same parish† (Compendium, pg 1). If this announcement is not made, then the marriage is considered â€Å"clandestine, and illegal.† Hard as it is to believe, women's rights became even fewer after marriage. According to a Homily on the State of Matrimony from the Elizabethan period states that â€Å"yee wives, be ye in subjection to obey your own husbands. As for their husbands, them must they obey, and cease from commanding, and perform subjection† (pg 4). This belief is taken directly from the Bible and was considered the ultimate rule of marriages during this time. The Homily also says to, â€Å"Let women bee subject to their husbands as to the Lorde: for the husband is the head of the woman, as Christ is the head of the Church.† Shakespeare addresses this belief in an unusual and almost satirical way through Oberon and Titania. Titania is a headstrong and independent fairy Queen who defies her husband's will. Oberon in turn, plays a deviant trick on her to make her fall in love with Bottom, a mortal turned into a donkey. The trick is played because Oberon desires a little changeling boy that Titania has obtained. Another common belief during this time was â€Å"That which the wife hath is the husband's† (Laws pg 5). As it states in The Law's Resolutions of Women's Rights, For thus it is, if before marriage the woman were possessed of horses, meat, sheep, corn, wool, money, plate, and jewels, all manner of moveable substance is presently by conjunction the husband's, to sell, keep, or bequeath if he die. And though he bequeath them not, yet are they the husband's executor's and not the wife's which brought them to her husband (Law's pg 4). As we do not know whether Titania or Oberon were married when she obtained the boy, belief was still that Oberon had the rights to the little changeling boy and not Titania, whether he was given to her or not. She was not submitting to her husband's will and therefore, was punished by being tricked into loving an ass. Throughout A Midsummer Night's Dream, Shakespeare addressed numerous political and social customs of the aristocracy. Although not much changed for the rights of women during the Elizabethan period, readers today can gain a better understanding of the time through historical documents and literary works. To be unable to marry for love, to have no choice in your mate, and to be completely submissive to your husband's every whim, had to have been depressing no matter what the customs were. A great deal has changed now since then, but in all actuality it has only been a few decades since women have been allowed so much freedom in their own lives.

A Man for All Seasons Story Essay Example

A Man for All Seasons Story Essay Example A Man for All Seasons Story Essay A Man for All Seasons Story Essay Many times in literature characters follow a common flow with society. In the story A Man For All Seasons by Robert Bolt, the Common Man is a conformist who highlights many important roles of society in England during the fifteenth century. The Common man appears throughout the play as: Sir Thomas More’s steward named Matthew, a boatman, a publican, a jailer, a jury foreman, and a headsman who decapitates Sir Thomas More. The significance of the Common Man lies in his role in representing society as an individual and as a foil to Sir Thomas More. The Common Man is first introduced in the play as Sir Thomas More’s steward, Matthew. Matthew is very effective in expressing the role of the common man because he takes part in much slander in order to benefit himself such as in Act One Matthew takes money from Chapuys and Cromwell and gives them information about Sir Thomas More in return. In the opening of the play Matthew is displeased with Sir Thomas More’s generosity when he gives the silver cup to Richard Rich. Matthew replies to this act by saying â€Å"My master Thomas More would give anything to anyone. Some say that’s good and some say that’s bad, but I say he can’t help it and that’s bad because some day someone is going to ask him for something that he wants to keep; and he will be out of practice. There must be something that he wants to keep. That’s only common sense. † This quote is very significant because it foreshadows Sir Thomas More’s death. Sir Thomas More could have prevented his death if he would have given up his sense of self and went against his conscious and beliefs. Another significant act by Matthew is in Act Two, Sir Thomas can no longer afford Matthew and so More dismisses Matthew from his home. Matthew seeks employment from Richard Rich; this shows the common man’s only concern for himself and his aloofness to any loyalty to Sir Thomas More. In Act One the Common Man takes on the role of the Boatman. The Boatman most closely represents society of our time because he complains about his low income and his aging wife. When More asks the boatman for a ride home the boatman replies â€Å"Bless you sir – that’s all right. I expect you’ll make it worth my while, sir. † This quote indicates that the boatman is looking for money, as most characters played by the Common Man behave. In Act Two the Common Man plays the role of a jailer. The Jailer also is guilty of complaining about his low wages. More continues to go against the flow of society even more as the story progresses. As king Henry said in Act One to Sir Thomas â€Å"There are those like Norfolk who follow me because I wear the crown, and there are those like Master Cromwell who follow me because they are jackals with sharp teeth and I am their lion, and there is a mass that follows anything that moves – and there is you. † This quote implies the decisive difference between Sir Thomas More and the Common Man. It establishes his role as the counter part of the Common Man which is the role of the man for all seasons. The last character played by the Common Man is the Headsman. It is ironic that the Common Man plays the role of decapitating Sir Thomas More. It is important to realize that this is not a symbol of society defeating Sir Thomas More, rather it shows that Sir Thomas More is loyal enough to his self that he was able to face death even at the hands of the Common Man. As one can see, the role of the Common Man throughout the play A Man For All Seasons by Robert Bolt emphasizes the moral of the play. The significance of Sir Thomas More would not be expressed so greatly without the roll of the Common Man.

Million Dollar Baby Essays

Million Dollar Baby Essays Million Dollar Baby Essay Million Dollar Baby Essay In the medical rehabilitation facility, Maggie asks Frankie to do her a favor and help her die. She does not want to live that way and feels that she has accomplished everything she needed to In her life. Frankie refuses to grant her the wish and comforts her day In and day out. After she attempts to commit suicide, Frankie agrees to grant her the wish and takes her life. He ends up taking her breathing tube out and Injects her with adrenaline. In the end, It comes down to the violence of boxing and the ethical side of the sport. When it comes to sports, violence is always going to be something that happens. The difference between boxing and other sports is that its intent is to inflict injury to another human being. The most compelling objection to boxing is that, while other sports such as football and skiing actually produce more serious injuries, the purpose of these sports is not to inflict injury (Dubos, 2009). The main purpose of boxing is to get in the ring and hurt someone. Boxers train to hurt people and cause some kind of violence. It is a sport that takes the lives of people with no purpose. Getting rid of violence in all sports Is impossible, but stopping boxing eliminates numerous amounts of issues regarding health of athletes. In the movie, Maggie trained to get In the ring and hurt her opponent. It encourages actions that would warrant assault charges If they occurred on the street (Downy, 2009). When looking at that situation, It Is breaking all rules and laws regarding violence. People who are out in the community are not allowed to lay their hands on anyone without going to jail. When looking at boxing, they are saying it is alright to beat a person till they are knocked out or possibly dead. The purpose of boxing is to inflict harm on another: you get points by delivering punishing blows, and you can win by knocking the opponent senseless (Dubos, 009). This shows that boxing is a sport that contradicts the rules and laws of violence. The movie Million Dollar Baby is a perfect example of violence and the ethical decisions that were made. Maggie was fighting hard and clean with the Intent to win the fight. Her opponent was fighting dirty all night causing her to keep her guard up. After the round was over, she was hit by a dirty punch causing her to be paralyzed. The dirty fighter walked away with no punishment for breaking the rules and fighting dirty. It all comes down to ethics and morals that someone can beat the life out of someone else.

Situated Learning and Social Learning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Situated Learning and Social Learning - Essay Example He realizes that learning is more effective when done in a group, especially when the learner gets hand-on experience. In the classroom, the student is made to learn abstract things which he may not relate to real life. . The student is presented with cold, uninspiring facts packaged in glossy books, beautiful classrooms and scientific rules. The result is, the student no longer enjoys the poetry he reads nor does any value learning take place from the other classes he attends, except dry jargon and clichs. Jean Lave and Etienne Wenger, in their book, "Situated Learning : Legitimate Peripheral Participation," make a strong case for Situated learning with its emphasis on the contextual setting and .social interaction. While people learn things easily and faster under the conditions of legitimate peripheral participation (LPP), it has some major drawbacks such as the model exerting subtle influence on the learners, so that they learn socially unacceptable behaviour like aggression . According to Lave and Wenger. Legitimate peripheral participation (LPP) occurs when the learner begins to move from the periphery of the community to its center. Social interaction is of paramount importance in situated learning, with learners becoming involved in "community practice". Situated learning, according to the authors, is mostly unintentional, as opposed to deliberate learning. We see examples of situated learning in the case of pre-schoolers, who learn to recite nursery rhymes or tell stories, seeing their peers do the same .Situated learning happens when a visitor to a country learns its language entirely by interacting with the local people. Situated learning has other proponents such as Brown, Collins and Duguid (1989) who propose the idea of "cognitive apprenticeship". According to Schoenfeld, mathematical problem solving is also a form of situated learning. As all mathematics teachers know, when the students are encouraged to think of mathematics is everyday life context, they learn better and the mathematical problems are solved faster. Children seem to understand mathematics better when they relate it to real life situations and solve it in a group.(Schoenfeld) A requirement of situated learning is that knowledge should be presented in situations where the knowledge would apply. For instance, in a lesson on friction in physics, the learner would understand the concept better when he or she is made to experience the friction between a nut and bolt when they are not oiled, and when they are oiled. An apprentice nurse would learn how to lift the patient better by doing it in the hospital than by reading about it in the classroom. Similarly, an apprentice mechanic learns how to repair your car by hands on experience A visitor in France would quickly learn French as well as the typical gestures of the French people. Situated learning happens when a child learns its mother tongue easily. The same child finds it difficult to learn a foreign language at school . According to William P. Hanks, situated learning "takes as its focus the relationship between learning and the social situation in which it

Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Case Study Example 5). However, in the process, because of emissions and increased waste production, the lives of residents become uncomfortable to some extent and sometimes the long term effects can be devastating. Other problems that are often associated with world events like football are racism, discrimination and violence (Wyludda, 2009, p. 5). The idea of creating a temporary but enormous event requires a lot of power consumption, consumption of unnecessary resources, and production of large wastes. This can just be termed as â€Å"inherently unsustainable† (Jones, 2011, p. iii). Many events undergo long planning before implementation. Currently, events are held in socially, economically and environmentally changing and turbulent environments. This calls for planning as a critical role for which in the recent planning, sustainability has taken the center stage. The concept of environmental engagement has not been left behind as well (Raj, 2009, p. 140). Event managers ought to be flexible in their planning since events vary and each needs a well formulated framework to assist achieve key principles that can be applied to all. It is the responsibility of those who organize such events to maintain social and environmental sustainability. If event organizers ensure sustainability in their planning, then the eventual results would be impressive (Jones, 2011, p. v). The world football governing body has an event known as the FIFA world cup. It is the biggest sporting competition in the world. For this reason, its impact to the society and environment is enormous. Hosting such an event demands critical consideration of all features to ensure that there is unprejudiced approach and sustainability. The FIFA World Cup â€Å"provides a platform to advertise the issue of sustainability in events† (Debra, Peter and Geoff, 2010, p. 189). With such an understanding, FIFA and the organizing committee took the responsibility of

Strategic Choice and Evaluation Paper for Garmin Company Essay

Strategic Choice and Evaluation Paper for Garmin Company - Essay Example Despite of that, the company needs to bring in some more products through the grand strategy called as â€Å"Product Development†. This strategy will not only enhance the product breadth of company but will also support in competing with major rivals as well as creating a sustainable position in market. The process of Product Development must be conducted by taking assistance from another grand strategy which is widely implemented by electronic companies today. This strategy is called as â€Å"Innovation† strategy. Garmin Co. must utilize the best available technology in order to manufacture the best quality of electronic products. The company can also transform its innovation strategies to its competitive edge. In this manner, it would be difficult for competitors to compete with Garmin and it can also direct the company to the position of market leader in a period of next 10 to 20 years. Garmin possesses an innovative mind-set as well as all the required resources in order to pursue its business and compete with its competitors. It is important for Garmin to examine the ways through which it can bring in new products in an innovative manner (Feather, 2010). The above mentioned two grand strategies are recommended because in order to compete with intense competition, Garmin needs to pursue the competition by providing better products and services. After a complete range of products has been established, Garmin should remain consistent with its quality and pricing so that it can retain its customers. This idea will not only help Garmin in building up its brand image but also will generate substantial revenues that would assist the company in long

Cultural History Essay Example for Free

Cultural History Essay Since long time ago, Bra has defined fashion and beauty among women. The history of Bra is linked to social history of the status of women which entails both the evolution of fashion and the changing views of the body of a woman. Since time immemorial, women have used various garments and devices to cover, elevate and restrain the breasts. Over a period of time the emphasis of bras has changed from the functionality point to fashionable point. This fact means that in current period bras are part of fashion of a woman. Origin of the Bra The origin of bra is believed to be in 2500BC worn by the Minoan women who resided in the island of Crete in the ancient Greece. These women used to wear garments that looked like Bra whose aim was to lift up their breast and boost them. Since then, there has been tremendous change in the shape of the breast with different social meanings. Evolution of Bras The evolution of bra starts with the Corsetry which was worn by the Cretan Women. The Cretan woman stood with bare breasts and the waist and hip corset shown above the decorative part of her underwear. The aim of the corset among the Cretan women was as a symbol of beauty and was aimed at showing off the breast. It is believed that bare breast had a cultural and religious significance. Around 450bc, the Greek started wearing a bodice tied above the breasts leaving the breasts naked. This Small band of material was referred to as Apodesme and was introduced after the corsets were prohibited. Apodesme played a functional role as they prevented the breast moving while walking. The bra like structures accompanied with fashionable clothes of that time. In many of the 18th century paintings show ladies wearing free falling, pleated loose dress backs. It was probably developed from the over gown that was worn in the 17th century. Under the pannier dress was perfectly crafted laced stays that were made of many pieces of whale bones. These stays were backstitched by hand and were very beautiful and decorative. The stays supported and raised the breast to a sharp point in the front as well as defining a trim shape. The stays always matched the dress as the bones in these stays were placed laterally across both the back and front shoulder blades to ensure that the front remained straight and an upright back. Although women had clothes that provided support to the breast such as crinolines and bustles in Victorian age, corsets started to reappear in 18th century and this was evident with Edwardian Era. During Edwardian era, Edwardian Corsets started making a big impact in women fashion. Fashion favored mature women as it exploited the curves of a highly corseted shape. The young and the old women laced themselves so tightly that they distorted their figures to get am s shape associated with that period. Health corsets were greatly favored in 1890s and 1900 and were designed with an aim of assisting the women in breathing. Aches Sarraute of Paris designed health corset with an aim of aiding health instead of endangering it. She introduced the straight fronted busk that left thorax free. It was also designed to support and raise the abdomen instead of forcing it downwards. She rightly aimed at reducing pressure on vital female organs dispensed with constricting curves at the waist which was a common feature among all corsets. Corsets after 1907 were straight as women’s obsession on small waist had reduced. The corsets of 1907 achieved a long slim figure. These corsets had had elastic gussets inserts which were supposed to increase the level of comfort. The new longer styles of 1912, corsets increased in length reaching the knees making it difficult for women sitting down. These corsets were designed for beauty purposes as fashion played a major role in their development. During this period, there was a shift of attention from metallic corsets and the concept of bra started to appear. (Workman, 1996) The word Bra was developed and first reported in America copy of Vogue in 1907. The original French name of brassier meant a soldiers arm. The First World War contributed to evolution of bras where women abandoned corsets and started wearing bras. During this period, the term brassier started to appear in high profile women magazines and eventually appeared in Oxford English dictionary in 1912. (Elizabeth, 1976) In 1913, Mary Phelps Jacob, a New York socialite, made a backless brassier from two silk handkerchiefs and some ribbon after discovering that the corsets were too restrictive when a woman was dancing in night clubs. Mary sold her patent to Warner Brother’s corset company for 1500 us dollars. After the year 1918, bras were made of lace bands with straps. The best bras at that time were the Symington side lacer which was a reinforced bodice. The side lacing was aimed at flattening the bust when it was tightened. It was at this time that the term bra changed from brassier. (Elizabeth, 1976) In 1930s the bra became more sophisticated and the home sewn version of bras started to diminish during this period. In 1928, entrepreneur William and Ida Rosenthal developed bra by introducing the cup sizes and bras for all the stages of a woman. Warmers developed the alphabet bra which was made in a set of sizes that were corresponding to alphabetical letters. This is as a result of women gaining interest in the size of their breast and other women breast. The women interest in these types of bra was as a result of aggressive marketing and the changing role of women in the society. During this period, bras became a major industry and there was great improvement in fiber technology, patterns, colors and varieties of the bras. There was increase in innovation such as sized cup, adjustable strap, increased elasticity and padded breast for small sized breast. The marketing of bras during this period targeted the younger women as beauty was an important aspect in them. The desired feature in 1930s was a pointy bust and this further increased demand for a forming garment and bras fitted well for this function. In 1940s, Clothing was determined by the Second World War. During this period, advertisements of clothes were based on patriotism. The highly structured conical pointed bullet bras were used as protection clothes whereby in the military fraternity, the female soldiers were advised to wear them for anatomical support, good taste and for morale. During this period, bra enhanced the concept of the sweater girl. Sweater girls often wore bullets bras which contributed to the development of later brassieres. The war had an impact on the flow of materials as there was shortage of material which resulted into women producing their own bras from parachute silk and old wedding dresses. Commercially manufactured bras were made from minimum amount of material and hence bore the utility mark. This led to the emergence of utility bras. In 1950s, the bras were typical long line stitch and fashion was a major contributing factor towards the development of bras. The long line conical bra gave support silhouette for girls who wanted to be like film stars sweater girls like Jane Russell. The bras got better as use of nylon materials made them more attractive, lighter and easier to wash. Pretty 1960s was a period that was characterized by increased interest of quality and fashion of bras. There was increased demand for maternity and mastectomy bras and increase in the use of washing machines led to increase in preference for durable bras. There was increased marketing promotion such as wearing bras 24 hours a day. This period was marked with cultural changes which represented a great threat to bra market. These counter culture to bra production included civil right movement and feminism which greatly opposed women wearing bras. During this period, there was development in the form of bras which were seamless, flattering and sexy and were more appealing to teenage girls. The invention was referred to as wonderbra invention. These Bras tugged the breast together and pulled them forward and hence they were a means of attraction. They were marketed as a form of luxury. The material used became durable, light weight and elastic. In late 1960s, bra and other feminine emblems became targets of feminist activism. The feminists viewed bras as objects which reduced women as sex objects. Some women started questioning the role of bra and this led to protest against 1968 miss American beauty pageant. For example, Germaine Greer stated that bras were absurd invention aimed at reducing the status of women. In 1968, they were a protest against Miss America beauty pageant by 400 women coming from New York Radical women in Atlantic City convention hall. The demonstration took place after Democratic national convention and the protestors placed bras, high heeled shoes, hairsprays and other beauty apparatus seen as symbols of oppression of women in a freedom trash can placed on the ground. This was a clear sign of protest against bra although no real burning of the bras took place. There was also another protest in 1970 which received wide coverage and was perceived as sexual liberation. This protest although seen by people as breaking of the law was somehow fruitful as many women stopped . This led to some stores such as Berkeley Roos closing Bra department due to poor sales. The protest led to development of ‘no bra’ by Rudi Gernreich in 1964. This bra was light, transparent stretch netting and had a simple shape. The fine layer of foam in the bras made the cups to stand up on the end (Pederson, 2004) The ‘burning of bra’ by feminist led to innovations in fashion industry in order top win back the lost customers. Gossard launched its wonderbra crusade in 1968 which led to introduction of original wonderbra. At first 36C was the top size of this innovatory under wired bra that was a necessity for V neck dresses of late sixties caftans which had ling necks were changed by the cleavage from a wonderbra. In case where one was in need of larger bra, a bra replacement fastener was used as an extender. Inserts of extra lagging or foam rubber could be inserted into small pockets in the wonderbra to increase the fullness where there was no bust. In 1990s, silicon implant scare caused the women to turn to bras as the best option of improving their breast size. The wonderbra became best seller in 1990s. In 1916s there was the presence of bra slips which were common for short skimpy dresses. The return of cleavage was recorded in 1990s . In a blonde ambition tour; Madonna was sported wearing sported ice unguent coned circular sewed cup on her Gaultier corset. Gautier first made designs of breast that were based on the conical breasts of 1980s but received full approval after Madonna used it in a number of her functions and hence sexy lace Bras came back into business. In 1990s there was the introduction of very plain tactel underwear slips which gave a good line beneath dresses making it possible to wear unlined dresses successful without static build up. Bra industry was further promoted during this period by the quest for women who had shed their breast in 1960s to have more figure control especially when wearing the straight sheath dress that were back in fashion. During this period, there was pursuit for cleavage by utilizing water, air and silicone pads and improvement in this development enhanced the sales of fashion companies in 21st century as they put more emphasis on breast management and improvement. The change in fashion trends resulted in different types emerging to suit different fashion needs of women. Cleavage enhancers are types of bras which have a plunging neckline which is important for maximum cleavage. The pads add an additional lift and the bra fully characterize bust hence ideal for low necklines. There are other fashionable bras referred to as Convertible/strapless which go up to five ways on a strapless bra often having molded padded cups that offer support and shape to the breast. They have seam free cups that are not visible under clothes. Bras do not only serve as fashion apparatus but they also play a big role in sports. Sport bras are perfectly constructed to provide a maximum support, compresses the breast and hence minimizing bouncing by the breasts. The material fabric is important in drawing moisture away from the body hence keeping the body comfortable. Silicone bra is a type of bra comes in different sizes from cup size A, B C; D. It does not have any strap. It is flexible and sticks tightly in conformity with the woman’s bust as it has self adhesive coating. It is made from high quality silicon gel. It is easy to wash, it has no strap and occurs in a range of colors and so the user has a wide choice of the colors she desires. This bra can be reused many times after laundering. Push ups and inflatable brassieres is a type of bra introduced in mid 1990s and added major sex appeal to the USA market. It was pioneered in 1960s by Fredricks of Hollywood . The look was classic pieces of soft cup inflated into a cone-shaped point. During this period, Singer and Dancer Madonna played a big role in making this bra to be famous. This bra has undergone much innovation such as volume adjustment systems, pairing of the sleek looking bra with air extricable padding. The bra has a molded cup and wireless lifts. It has a weightless padding which gives the cleavage a slight projection. It has barely three Bralettes. It is found in soft cup, Camisole like sheers as well as lacy under wire creations which exhibit double cleavage of their full cup counterparts. (Steele, 2001) Sex openness among the current time women In 1950s to 1980s feminists played great role in trying to liberate women from oppression by men. They tried as much as they could in transforming the working and business environment to suit women and this resulted in many of them getting jobs and becoming more liberal especially in their sexual lives. In the past, feminists opposed beauty apparatus which they considered as being tools which reduced women as sex objects. This did not get support from all the women as beauty was still valued b women and so they continued using beauty apparatus and fashion determined what they wore. Currently the society has changed greatly and as a result of empowerment, women have become more liberal and hence more open to sixths is depicted by the clothing they put on which more is revealing than in the past years. Also increase in innovation by fashion industries has played a major role as these companies strive hard to market products which are said to make women look sexy. Improved technology especially in the entertainment sector has contributed a lot to women becoming more sexual open as they mostly emulate the lifestyles of the entertainment stars. (Kunzle, 2004) Conclusion Innovation has played a major role in shaping the fashion in different time span. Bra comes out clearly as a major fashion tool and from its evolution, it can be concluded that it has played a central role in women fashion and enhancing beauty among the women. Women have considered fashion as an important aspect in their life and this is evident in the different variety of beauty apparatus they have been having since time immemorial. In the contemporary times, women open sexuality show that women are liberalized and hence free to select any type of lifestyle and clothing to put on. Reference List: Elizabeth, E. , (1976). â€Å"Underwear: A History. † New York, NY: Theatre Arts Books Kunzle, D. , (2004). â€Å"Fashion and Fetishism:† Thrupp, UK: Sutton Publishing Limited Stephanie, P. , (2004) â€Å"Bra: a thousand years of style,† Newton Abbot: David Charles Valerie, S. , (2001). â€Å"The Corset: A Cultural History. † New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. Workman, N. , (1996). â€Å"From Victorian to Victoria’s Secret: The Foundations of Modern Erotic Wear. † Journal of Popular Culture. 30. 2, 61-73

Directing Romeo and Juliet: Act 2 Scene 2 Essay -- Drama

Directing Romeo and Juliet: Act 2 Scene 2 I am going to direct act 2 scene 2 from the play Romeo and Juliet written by William Shakespeare. The scene is also known as the balcony scene. During this scene Romeo is looking up at Juliet on the balcony talking about love. The scene is going to be set in as historical environment the 16th century in Verona. Therefore the costumes shall also reflect this era. Juliet will be in her in nightdress (1) and Romeo will be in a party costume (2). This is because he has just been at the Caplet's party. From the previous scene we know that there is a conflict between the Capulets and the Montagues. Romeo is a member of the Montague's and Juliet is a member of the capulet's. Romeo had been convinced to go to the party by his cousin Benvolio and his friend Mercutio. During the party Tybalt wants to hit Romeo but Lord Capulet doesn't let him. This shows the conflict. I will be using a thrust stage. The balcony will be placed on the left corner of the stage. There will be trees and colourful flowers surrounding the balcony. As this scene is set in the 16th century Juliet will be unaware of her rights as a women. The theme of the scene is love. Both Romeo and Juliet are expressing their feelings for each other. The relationship between Romeo and Juliet is very passionate, which will be conveyed though the use of language, their facial expression and body language. They will speak direct from Shakespheres text. In t...

Unilateral Neglect After Stroke Health And Social Care Essay

Behavioral Inattention Test is a common standardised measuring for one-sided disregard and has been widely used as the chief results in many neglect surveies. A systematic reappraisal was conducted in the undermentioned database from January 1997 to June 2012: PubMed/Medline ( 1965+ via EbscoHost ) , PsyhcINFO ( 1806+ ) , Science Direct, CINAHL ( Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, 1982+ ) , Cochrane Collaboration ‘s registry of tests and PEDro ( Physiotherapy Evidence Database ) .The reappraisal included articles of randomized controlled tests about neglect schemes among stroke patients that addressed Behavioral Inattention Test as primary results in the intercessions. Meta-analysis was done.ConsequencesTwelve RCTs were identified in our reappraisal harmonizing the inclusion and exclusion standards. The qualities of the surveies were good with average Physiotherapy Evidence Database ( PEDro ) mark of 6.08 A ± 0.81. Different intercessions have been stud ied in RCTs ; Prism Adaptation ( PA ) appeared to be the most common, with 5 out of 12. The meta-analysis showed that for immediate effects of neglect intercessions, the BIT conventional subtests has a statistically important average consequence size of 0.76 ( 95 % CI, 0.28-1.23 ; p=0.002 ) whereas the BIT Behavorial subtest showed no statistically important average consequence size of 0.37 ( 95 % CI, -0.19-0.91 ; p=0.17 ) , and the BIT ( Total ) showed a modest statistically important average consequence size of 0.55 ( 95 % CI, 0.16-0.94 ; p=0.006 ) . However, the meta-analysis showed that there was no statistically important average consequence size on durable effects for all BIT results. Among all intercessions, Prism Adaptation ( PA ) appears to be more effectual when compared to others based on the BIT results after pooled analysis.DecisionPrism Adaptation ( PA ) appeared to be the most common and effectual scheme among rehabilitation intercessions on one-sided disregard and rT MS possibly is a promising attack for intervention of one-sided disregard. Rehabilitation intercessions have positive immediate effects on one-sided disregard as measured by the BIT conventional subtest than that on the behavioral subtest. As shown by the short durable effects, effects of rehabilitation intercessions are frequently transeunt and frequently can non be generalized across clip to daily working. All surveies faced the same failing of lower power with smaller samples and restriction in sightlessness design. More strict surveies should be done before coming to a steadfast decision.KeywordsSystematic reappraisal, Stroke, Unilateral Neglect, Rehabilitation, Treatment, Behavioural Inattention Test1. IntroductionUnilateral disregard ( ULN ) is a heterogenous perceptual upset that follows intellectual hemispherical lesion [ 1 ] , particularly after right hemisphere stroke. The most typically characteristic of disregard is failure to describe or react the stimulation presented from the contralateral infinite, including stimulation from the ocular, somatosensory, audile and kinesthesia stimulation even comprehending their ain organic structure parts [ 2 ] . The reported incidence varies from 10 % to 82 % following right-hemisphere shot and from 15 % to 65 % following left-hemisphere shot [ 3 ] . Capable choice standards, lesion site, the nature and timing of the appraisal and deficiency of understanding on appraisal methods are all responsible for the variableness in the reported rate of happening of one-sided disregard after shot [ 1, 4 ] . As disregard involved upset in directing attending, stand foring infinite and commanding motion, it became an obstruction for recovery from shot. Neglect has a important negative impact associated with functional recovery at place discharge [ 5, 6 ] . Recently more research workers have put attempts on researching the underlying mechanism and the curative methods about the enormous challenge. Different intervention attacks and assessment battery have been developed to measure and rectify disregard. Recent literature shows that interventions for one-sided neglect autumn under two types of behavioural attacks. They are either enrolling the hemiplegic side or limbs to cut down a spacial penchant over the ipsilesional infinite, or bettering consciousness of the contralesional infinite to advance patients ‘ attending [ 7, 8 ] , Up to now, more than 18 methods were put into pattern in these Fieldss [ 9 ] . Surveies based on these attacks have reported changing consequences based on a big figure of outcome steps. Despite the reported quality is moderate for RCTs in neglect rehabilitation [ 7 ] , some attacks appear to be more promising. There were besides remarks that the effects of these new interventions are frequently task-specific or transeunt and frequently can non be generalized to daily working [ 8, 10, 11 ] . It is difficult to state which attack is the optimum rec ommendation for clinical pattern due to deficient grounds [ 9 ] . In add-on, professional healers seldom use these scientifically proved interventions [ 12 ] . The appraisal of ULN in the clinical scene has normally involved in â€Å" pencil-and-paper † undertakings, including line bisection, cancellation undertakings, copying, and pulling [ 13 ] , many RCTs used some of the undertakings as results. The Behavioural Inattention Test ( BIT ) is a criterion-referenced trial for one-sided disregard or ocular inattention in patients enduring from shot or encephalon hurts [ 14 ] . The trial is divided into two classs: the conventional and the behavioural subtests. This survey used the conventional subtest, which is made up of 6 points: line crossing, missive cancellation, star cancellation, figure and form copying, line bisection, and representational drawing. A cancellation subscore was calculated by adding the first 3 cancellation undertakings together and pulling subscore by adding the staying 3 undertakings. This reappraisal aimed to consistently reexamine the updated grounds from RCTs on the effectivity of rehabilitation intercessions for one-sided disregard as measured by the Behavioral Inattention Test ( BIT ) or its conventional ( BIT-C ) and behavioural subtests ( BIT-B ) .2. Methods2.1. DatabaseWe searched the undermentioned electronic databases: PubMed/Medline ( 1965+ via EbscoHost ) , PsyhcINFO ( 1806+ ) , Science Direct, CINAHL ( Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, 1982+ ) , and Cochrane Collaboration ‘s registry of tests. We besides hand-searched the bibliography of all surveies ordered in full text. Date of publication was restricted between January 1997 and June 2012.2.2. Search schemesWe used the undermentioned footings for seeking databases ( Cerebrovascular accident OR shot ) AND ( Neglect OR visuospatial disregard OR ocular disregard OR one-sided disregard OR hemisphere neglect OR visuo-spatial disregard ) .We included merely RCTs for grownups with age ( 19 old ages + ) published from: 19970101-20120630, restricted to English linguistic communication.2.3. Inclusion and exclusion standardsInclusion standardsWe included: ( 1 ) all RCTs aimed at place the effectivity of any type of rehabilitation intercession to rectify disregard in grownup shot patients as diagnosed with one-sided disregard by clinical scrutiny and/or classical neuropsychological trials ; ( 2 ) Given our intent, we merely considered the surveies which addressed the Behavioral Inattention Test ( BIT ) [ 15 ] as the primary results. The BIT included the conventional subtest ( BIT-C ) and/or the behavioural subtest ( BIT-B ) every bit good as the entire mark of BIT ( BIT ( Total ) ) or both.Exclusion standards:( 1 ) Observational survey, and instance study every bit good as cross-over design surveies ; ( 2 ) Full text is non available ; ( 3 ) with sample size less than 5 in each group ; and ( 4 ) every bit rated as 4 or less out of 10 by the Physiotherapy Evid ence Database ( PEDro ) .2.5. Quality appraisalThe 2 referees ( Nicole, Y.Y.H and Kenneth, F.N.K ) appraised all documents harmonizing to the Physiotherapy Evidence Database ( PEDro ) graduated table. It was developed specifically for measuring the quality of surveies aimed at comparing the effectivity of rehabilitation intercessions [ 16, 17 ] which has been proved to be a valid step of the methodological quality of clinical tests. It was valid to sum PEDro scale point tonss to obtain a entire mark that can be treated as interval degree measuring and subjected to parametric statistical analysis [ 18, 19 ] . There are 11 points in the PEDro graduated table: The first standards point eligibility is non scored which was used as a constituent of external cogency, the other 10 points obtained a entire mark from 10 ( RCT that satisfies all points ) to 0 ( RCT that does non fulfill anyone ) . The PEDro graduated table classify surveies as of high or low qualities based on a cut-off mark a t 6 out of 10. High quality means articles that obtain a mark equal to or higher than 6 and low quality surveies score less than 6.2.4. Data extraction and analysisEach included survey was carefully assessed for inclusion standards, and the necessary information and features of each included survey was ab initio summarized and extracted by the first writer ( first referee ) and was listed on a tabular array. The abstract every bit good as these sum-ups was independently checked and confirmed by a 2nd referee who is the 2nd writer of the manuscript. In instance of dissensions between the referees, the sentiment of the 3rd referee was sought. We calculate Cohen ‘s vitamin D on single consequence sizes for included surveies and compare the comparative effectivity. Meta-analysis one the overall intervention effectivity will be done with Review Manager 5.0. Standardized average difference ( SMD ) was taken as the consequence size and its 95 % assurance interval was computed. Test of heterogeneousness was used to measure the possible heterogeneousness across surveies. If heterogeneousness existed, random-effect theoretical account was used. Otherwise, the fixed-effect theoretical account was used alternatively. The sensitiveness analysis was besides used to measure the impact of the overall intervention effectivity by excepting one test one time at a clip.3. ConsequencesFigure 1 shows the choice procedure. The hunts chiefly yielded 201 commendations from 1997 to 2012. After taking extras, 153 commendations were obtained. Based on the rubric and abstract of the articles, 32 potentially relevant articles were obtained. An d they were so carefully evaluated by the referees. We identified 25 clinical tests [ 20-44 ] which entered the eventually assessment. Reasons for the exclusion of the other 7 articles were: ( 1 ) they were merely reviews or mechanical surveies, instance studies or other clinical survey design such as multiple-baseline design, cross-over design, ( 2 ) absence of a control group, and ( 3 ) the sample is less than 5 in each group. Finally, 12 articles were included in our reappraisal [ 21, 22, 25-27, 30, 32, 35, 36, 39, 40, 44 ] and other articles were excluded as the BIT was non used as the primary outcome step.Fig 1: Overview of literature hunt and choice procedureThe overall quality of the 12 RCTs is just to good ( Table 1 ) . The average sum mark was 6.08 A ± 0.81, with a scope from 5 to 9. 4 of them ( 33.3 % ) were identified with just quality when cut-off line was set at 6 out of 10 based on the PEDro graduated table.Table 1: PEDro tonss of included surveiesItemsSurveiesEligib ility 1: Random allotment 2: Concealed allotment 3: Baseline comparison 4: Blind topics 5: Blind healers 6: Blind assessors 7: Adequate followup 8: Intention-to-treat analysis 9: Between-group comparings 10: Point estimations variablenessMarkQualityNysa et Al. 2008 yes 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 6/10 Good Serino et Al. 2009 yes 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 5/10 Carnival Turton et Al. 2010 yes 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 6/10 Good Mizuno et Al. 2011 yes 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 8/10 Good Ladavas et Al. 2011 yes 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 6/10 Good Robertson et Al. 2002 yes 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 6/10 Good Luukkainen-Markkulaa et Al. 2009 yes 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 5/10 Carnival Fong et Al. 2007 yes 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 6/10 Good Tsang et Al. 2006 yes 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 6/10 Good Harvey et Al. 2003 yes 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 5/10 Carnival Koch et Al. 2012 yes 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 9/10 Good Ferreira et Al. 2011 NO 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 5/10 CarnivalFeatures of the included surveiesDescriptions of the 12 articles included in the reappraisal are listed in Table 2. Two surveies [ 40, 44 ] used double-blinded design and others largely were single-blinded tests.Table 2: Features of included surveiesSurveiesMethodsInterventionsBIT based ConsequencesTypeStudy designControlGroupstopics( N )shot continuanceTreatmentgovernmentDurationImmediateLong-runNysa et Al. 2008 Dad single-blind RCT Placebo ( impersonal goggles ) n=16 PA gp=10 CT gp=6 a†°Ã‚ ¤ 4 tungsten Wore brace of goggles fitted with wide-field point-to-point prismatic lenses shifted their ocular field 10A °/0A °rightward and make some fast pointing motions 30min/session four-day-in-row Sessionss 4d BIT-Ci-i?†° BIT-Bi-i?†° follow-upi1m Serino et Al. 2009 Dad single-blind Pseud-RCT Placebo ( impersonal goggles ) ni20 PA gp=10 CT gp=10 a†°?1 m have oning prismatic lenses, which shifted their ocular field 10A °/0A °rightward and indicating motions 30 min/session 10 day-to-day Sessionss within 2 hebdomad 2w BITi+i?†° BITi+i?†° follow-upi1m Turton et Al. 2010 Dad single-blind RCT Placebo ( level field glass ) ni36 PA gp=17 i1 drop-outi?†° CT gp=19 i1 drop-outi?†° a†°?20 vitamin D wore 10 diopters, 6 grade prisms utilizing index finger to touch a bold vertical line on screen one time a twenty-four hours, each working twenty-four hours 2w BITi-i?†° BITi-i?†° follow-upi8w Mizuno et Al. 2011 Dad double-masked RCT Placebo ( impersonal spectacless ) ni38 PA gp=18 CT gp=20 a†°Ã‚ ¤ 3m wore prism spectacless shifted ocular field 12A ° to right and repeat pointing undertakings 20 min/session command, 5 yearss / hebdomad 2w BIT-Ci-i?†° BIT-Bi-i?†° BIT-Ci-i?†° BIT-Bi-i?†° follow up until discharge Ladavas et Al. 2011 Dad single-blind Pseud-RCT Placebo ( impersonal spectacless ) ni30 TPA gp=10 CPA gp=10 CT gp=10 a†°?2m Wore wide-field prismatic lenses bring oning a 10a- ¦ displacement ocular field to right and repeat pointing undertakings 30 min/session one per twenty-four hours, 10 Sessionss 2w TPAi?s BIT-Bi+i?†° BIT-Ci+i?†° CPAi?s BIT-Ci-i?†° BIT-Bi-i?†° No followup Robertson et Al. 2002 LA single-blind RCT silent person device n=40 LA+PT=19 i2 drop-outi?†° PT=21 i2 drop-outi?†° Lanthanum: 152.8A ±142.4 Platinum: 152.1 A ±117.9 utilizing a semi-automatic device for limb activation combined with perceptual preparation 45 min/ session one time a hebdomad 12 Sessionss 12w BIT-Bi-i?†° BIT-Bi-i?†° follow-upi18-24m Luukkainen-Markkulaa et Al. 2009 LA single-blind RCT traditional ocular scanning preparation ni12 LA gp=6 CT gp=6 a†°Ã‚ ¤6 m arm activation trainingiDetermined by the single manus and arm motor position assessed by WMFTi?†° Entire 48 hours of therapy 3w BIT-Ci+i?†° BIT-Ci+i?†° Follow-upi6m Fong et Al. 2007 TR TR+EP single-blind RCT conventional OT ni54 TR gp=19 TR+EP gp=20 CT gp=15 a†°Ã‚ ¤8 tungsten Trunk rotary motion was performed in three different places: supine lying on a pedestal, unsupported sitting on a pedestal, and standing in a standing frame 1 hour/session 5 times /week 30d BIT-Bi-i?†° BIT-Ci-i?†° BIT i-i?†° BIT-Bi-i?†° BIT-Ci-i?†° BIT i-i?†° Follow-up= 60d Tsang et Al. 2009 EP single-blind RCT conventional OT ni34 EP gp=17 CT gp=17 EP: 21.5A ±21.67 Connecticut: 22.18 A ± 15.87 underwent occupational therapy with particular spectacless barricading the right half ocular field 30min ADL +30min NDT for UL/day 4w BIT-Ci+i?†° No followup Harvey et Al. 2003 VF RCT Same activities Without feedback ni14 VF gp=7 CT gp=7 5-25 m experimenter-administered pattern of rod raising with justice centre grids for proprioceptive and ocular feedback 1h/d with 3di?†º so 10 yearss of homebased intercession 3d/2w BIT-Ci+i?†° BIT-Bi-i?†° BIT-Ci+i?†° BIT-Bi-i?†° follow-upi1m Koch et Al. 2012 Terbium double-blind RCT fake spiral angled 90A ° ni18 TBS gp=9 CT gp=9 a†°?1 m ( 43A ±16d ) 3-pulse explosions at 50 Hz repeated every 200 millisecond for 40 s i80 % AMT over the left PPC 2 essions/di15min intervalli?†º 5 d/week 2w BIT-Bi+i?†° BIT-Ci+i?†° BIT i+i?†° BIT-Bi+i?†° BIT-Ci+i?†° BIT i+i?†° follow-upi1m Ferreira et Al. 2011 Military policeman VST single-blind RCT Conventional PT without any intervention for disregard ni15 MP gp=5 VST gp=5 CT gp=5 a†°? 3 m Volt: The protocol included 4 undertakings: 2 directed to the extrapersonal infinite and 2 turn toing peripersonal disregard ; Military policeman: included 4 undertakings: 2 undertakings of motor imagination and 2 of ocular imagination. 1h/session Twice per hebdomad 5w VST: BIT-Ci+i?†° Military policeman: BIT-C ( – ) VST: BIT-Ci+i?†° Military policeman: BIT-Ci-i?†°follow-upi2m Abbreviations: PA=prism version ; LA=limb activation ; TR= bole rotary motion ; EP=eye patching ; VF=Visuomotor feedback ; TBS=Theta-burst stimulation ; MP=mental pattern ; VST= ocular scanning preparation ; BIT= Behavioral Inattention Test ; BIT-C= BIT conventional subtest ; BIT-B= BIT behavioural subtests ; OT=occupational therapy ; PT=physiotherapyParticipantsThis reappraisal encompassed 277 topics with one-sided disregard. All of them were grownups with right encephalon harm due to stroke ; most of the topics had a diagnosing of first individual right hemisphere stroke. The continuance from the shot oncoming covered from acute stage ( a†°Ã‚ ¤4w ) to chronic stage ( a†°?6m ) , but most surveies were conducted in the subacute and chronic stage after shot. All surveies used similar inclusion and exclusion standards including age, diagnosing of shot ( the lesion location based on CT or MRI ) , right-handed, presence of one-sided disregard identified by either a clinical scrutiny or a standard disregard appraisal battery, and free of any other confusing neurological shortages or rational damages.InterventionsAmong the 12 surveies included, five [ 27, 32, 39, 40 ] implemented the effectivity of prism version ( PA ) . There were differences in the PA process, one survey [ 27 ] used insistent PA for a short period, and another survey used different feedback schemes in PA ( Terminal prism version, TPA and Concurrent prism version, CPA ) .During TPA, merely the concluding portion of the indicating motion is seeable and prism version relies most strongly on a strategic recalibration of visuomotor eye-hand co-ordinates. In contrast, for CPA the 2nd half of the indicating motion is seeable, and therefore version chiefly consists of a realignment of proprioceptive co-ordinates [ 39 ] . All the five surveies used the same control methods with impersonal goggles. There were two [ 21, 30 ] articles applied limb activation, other articles used different intercessions: visuomotor feedback, practical world, insistent transcranial magnetic stimulation ( Theta-burst stimulation ) . Compared to a old reappraisal [ 45 ] , there was no new i ntercession reported in this reappraisal in the clip period except the uninterrupted Theta-burst stimulation ( cTBS ) . We included a RCT utilizing rTMS with high quality for the first clip. All surveies investigated individual intervention, except one RCT survey [ 26 ] investigated the effectivity of combinations of two different therapeutics ( trunk rotary motion and eye-patching ) . Duration of intervention period ranged from 3-day [ 29 ] to 5-week [ 38 ] , but for half of the surveies the intervention frequence was 30 min per session, 5 Sessionss per hebdomad, and 2 hebdomads for a entire 10 Sessionss. All intervention were conducted in infirmaries except one [ 22 ] survey involved self-administered home-based pattern for two hebdomads.Outcome measuringIn all surveies the results included functional activities and badness of disregard. The functional results included the Functional Independence Measure, the Barthel Index, upper limb motor maps ( the Wolf Motor Function Test and the Modified Motor Assessment Scale ) every bit good as the Stroke Impairment Assessment Set. Apart from the BIT, the result for neglect badness included the Catherine Bergego Scale ( CBS ) , the Bell Cancellation Test, reading and computerized ocular hunt undertakings, and paper-and-pencil disregard trials. There were three surveies [ 32, 35, 36 ] utilizing BIT entire tonss, three surveies [ 27, 39, 40 ] utilizing both the BIT-C and the BIT-B individually as results, two surveies [ 26, 44 ] utilizing both the BIT entire, the BIT-C and the BIT-B as results. Merely one survey [ 21 ] utilizing the BIT-B entirely as the result.Effectss of rehabilitation intercession1. The optimum intercession for disregard Cohen ‘s vitamin D on single consequence sizes was calculated as the difference between the pre- and posttest agencies for the individual intervention group, divided by the SD of the pretest scores. There were more than one paper about PA, so we pooled the consequence size of PA prior to relative comparing on all consequence sizes. The consequences showed that for immediate effects, PA was the highest one when measured by BIT-C and BIT-B, while CBT was the highest in BIT entire graduated table ; all attacks showed low consequence size in the durable effects ( Table 3a & A ; 3b ) .Table 3a: Immediate consequence size of each attackResultsSurveyApproachEffect sizeBIT-C Ladavas et Al ( 1 ) . 2011 Ladavas et Al. ( 2 ) 2011 Mizuno et Al. 2011 Dad 1.31 [ -0.26, 2.88 ] ( pooled ) Ferreira et Al. 2011 VST 1.16 [ -0.24, 2.56 ] Harvey et Al. 2003 VF 1.15 [ -0.25, 2.55 ] Tsang et Al. 2009 EP 0.71 [ 0.02, 1.41 ] Fong et Al ( 1 ) . 2007 TR 0.50 [ -0.19, 1.19 ] Luukkainen-Markkula 2009 LA 0.27 [ -0.87, 1.41 ] Fong et Al ( 2 ) .2007 TR+EP 0.19 [ -0.48, 0.86 ] BIT-B Ladavas et Al ( 1 ) . 2011 Mizuno et Al. 2011 Dad 0.86 [ -0.45, 2.18 ] ( pooled ) Fong et Al ( 1 ) . 2007 TR 0.16 [ -0.52, 0.84 ] Fong et Al ( 2 ) .2007 TR+EP 0.15 [ -0.52, 0.82 ] Robertson et Al. 2002 LA -0.08 [ -0.70, 0.54 ] BIT ( Total ) Koch et Al. 2012 Terbium 1.46 [ 0.39, 2.53 ] Serino et Al. 2009 Turton et Al. 2010 Dad 0.55 [ 0.16, 0.94 ] ( pooled ) Fong et Al ( 1 ) . 2007 TR 0.40 [ -0.28, 1.09 ] Fong et Al ( 2 ) .2007 TR+EP 0.18 [ -0.49, 0.85 ]Table 3b: durable consequence size of each attackItems Survey Approach Effect size BIT-C Mizuno et Al. 2011 Nysa et Al. 2008 Dad 0.52 [ -0.07, 1.11 ] ( pooled ) Luukkainen-Markkula 2009 LA 0.38 [ -0.76, 1.53 ] Fong et Al ( 1 ) . 2007 TR 0.26 [ -0.52, 1.03 ] Fong et Al ( 2 ) .2007 TR+EP 0.25 [ -0.47, 0.97 ] BIT-B Fong et Al ( 1 ) . 2007 TR 0.26 [ -0.51, 1.03 ] Fong et Al ( 2 ) .2007 TR+EP 0.22 [ -0.50, 0.94 ] Mizuno et Al. 2011 Nysa et Al. 2008 Dad 0.03 [ -0.55, 0.60 ] ( pooled ) Robertson et Al. 2002 LA -0.23 [ -0.85, 0.40 ] BIT ( Total ) Fong et Al ( 1 ) . 2007 TR 0.27 [ -0.50, 1.05 ] Fong et Al ( 2 ) .2007 TR+EP 0.24 [ -0.48, 0.96 ] Koch et Al. 2012 Terbium 1.97 [ 0.79, 3.14 ] Serino et Al. 2009 Turton et Al. 2010 Dad -0.06 [ -0.57, 0.44 ] ( pooled )2. Effectss of rehabilitation intercession versus any control on BIT stepsIn order to see the overall effectivity of rehabilitation intercessions on disregard, we applied a meta-analysis on all BIT consequences refer to standardised average difference ( SMD ) and 95 % assurance intervals ( CI ) utilizing random-effects theoretical accounts. The comparing consequences of both immediate and durable effects based on BIT were summarized in Table 4 and inside informations of single intercessions are presented in wood secret plan ( fig 2a & A ; 2b ) .Table 4 Effectss of rehabilitation intercession versus any control on BIT stepsResult or Subgroup Surveies Participants Statistical Method Effect Estimate 1.1 immediate effects 13 547 Std. Mean Difference ( IV, Random, 95 % CI ) 0.57 [ 0.29, 0.84 ] A A 1.1.1 BIT-C 9 209 Std. Mean Difference ( IV, Random, 95 % CI ) 0.76 [ 0.28, 1.23 ] A A 1.1.2 BIT-B 6 183 Std. Mean Difference ( IV, Random, 95 % CI ) 0.37 [ -0.16, 0.91 ] A A 1.1.3 BIT ( Total ) 5 155 Std. Mean Difference ( IV, Random, 95 % CI ) 0.55 [ 0.16, 0.94 ] 1.2 durable effects 9 400 Std. Mean Difference ( IV, Random, 95 % CI ) 0.21 [ 0.01, 0.41 ] A A 1.2.1 BIT-C 5 117 Std. Mean Difference ( IV, Random, 95 % CI ) 0.37 [ 0.00, 0.74 ] A A 1.2.2 BIT-B 5 145 Std. Mean Difference ( IV, Random, 95 % CI ) 0.04 [ -0.29, 0.37 ] A 1.2.3 BIT ( Total ) 5 138 Std. Mean Difference ( IV, Random, 95 % CI ) 0.36 [ -0.21, 0.92 ]Fig 2a Rehabilitation intercession versus any control, result: immediate effectsFigure 2b rehabilitation versus any control, result: durable effectsImmediate consequence of rehabilitation intercession Fig.2a showed the forest secret plan of the immediate effects of the included surveies. The meta-analysis showed that there was important heterogeneousness across the surveies, the random consequence theoretical account was chosen. The BIT-C had a statistically important average consequence size of 0.76 ( 95 % CI, 0.28-1.23 ; p=0.002 ) . The BIT-B showed no statistically important average consequence size of 0.37 ( 95 % CI, -0.19-0.91 ; p=0.17 ) , and the BIT ( Total ) showed a statistically important average consequence size of 0.55 ( 95 % CI, 0.16-0.94 ; p=0.006 ) . The sensitiveness of each test on the average consequence size was besides assessed by excepting one test one time at a clip. The overall consequence was the same even when any one of the tests was eliminated. Durable consequence of rehabilitation intercession Fig.2b showed the forest secret plan of the durable effects of the included surveies. The meta-analysis showed that there was no statistically important on all results of the BIT-C, BIT-B, and BIT ( Total ) .The impact of each test on the average consequence size was besides evaluated by excepting one test at a clip. The consequence was still non-significant ( p & gt ; 0.05 ) even when one of the tests was eliminated. Pooled consequence of PA on disregard Since there was more than one survey on the consequence of PA, we pooled the consequence size of each result ( Table 5 ) . No statistically important consequences were found both immediate and durable effects in all results with important heterogeneousness.Table 5: PA intercession on DisregardResult or Subgroup Surveies Participants Statistical Method Effect Estimate 2.1 immediate effects 5 216 Std. Mean Difference ( IV, Random, 95 % CI ) 0.89 [ 0.27, 1.51 ] A A 2.1.1 BIT-C 3 74 Std. Mean Difference ( IV, Random, 95 % CI ) 1.31 [ -0.26, 2.88 ] A A 2.1.2 BIT-B 3 74 Std. Mean Difference ( IV, Random, 95 % CI ) 0.86 [ -0.45, 2.18 ] A A 2.1.3 BIT ( Total ) 2 68 Std. Mean Difference ( IV, Random, 95 % CI ) 0.59 [ -0.02, 1.19 ] 2.2 durable effects 4 125 Std. Mean Difference ( IV, Random, 95 % CI ) 0.15 [ -0.20, 0.51 ] A A 2.2.1 BIT-C 2 47 Std. Mean Difference ( IV, Random, 95 % CI ) 0.52 [ -0.07, 1.11 ] A A 2.2.2 BIT-B 1 16 Std. Mean Difference ( IV, Random, 95 % CI ) -0.04 [ -1.06, 0.97 ] A A 2.2.3 BIT ( Total ) 2 62 Std. Mean Difference ( IV, Random, 95 % CI ) -0.06 [ -0.57, 0.44 ]4. DiscussionOur systematic reappraisal indicates that there is modest grounds back uping prism version and oculus patching to cut down one-sided disregard in patients with shot, as shown by the BIT-C both in immediate and durable effects. Other surveies proved positive effects with usage of ocular scanning preparation [ 36 ] , visuomotor feedback [ 22 ] , and TBS [ 46 ] . Since Koch et al [ 44 ] , Merely reported the entire mark of BIT and entire tonss of BIT-C and the BIT-B was non available, it is impossible to pull the decision that rTMS was better than prism version in bettering the public presentation of undertakings from the BIT-C and BIT-B for neglect patients. Harmonizing to this reappraisal, the PA seems slope to had the highest consequence size in immediate effects, but the 95 % assurance interval of consequence size crossed over nothing point, so it is no statistically important when it come to the decision. prism version, a bottom-up intercession affecting sensory-motor malleability, was foremost described by Rossetti et al [ 46 ] based on the phenomenon of visuo-motor version. And has been widely used as a paradigm to show visuomotor short-run malleability [ 47 ] .the process consists of have oning an optical prisms and a series of insistent perceptual-motor indicating motions. The possible nervous mechanism underlying the curative consequence is that prism version reduces left spacial disregard by easing the enlisting of integral encephalon countries responsible for commanding normal visuospatial end product by ways of short-run sensori-motor malleability. This technique have produced some betterment in a broad scope of disregard sym ptoms particularly the ocular 1s [ 48-50 ] . However, some opposite consequences were reported [ 51, 52 ] , The inconsistent consequences likely due to the incomparability of intervention setup, continuance of the intervention, differences in the undertakings used to measure prism version effects and the post-stroke continuance. Similar to PA, oculus patching is another underside up compensational intercession for disregard. In our reappraisal, Tang [ 25 ] reported that the 4 hebdomads application of right hemi-visual field patching demonstrated a important consequence with consequence size of 0.71. This technique concentrates the patients ‘ attending on the contralesional infinite by barricading the ipsilesional ocular field, which lessens the disinhibition to the pointing mechanism of the ipsilesional side ensuing from interhemispheric instability. But more good quality RCTs is needed for measuring the existent impact on disregard. The theta-burst stimulation ( TBS ) is a sort of insistent transcranial magnetic stimulation ( rTMS ) which showed comparatively high consequence size as measured by the BIT entire tonss in our reappraisal. Transcranial magnetic stimulation ( TMS ) has become a popular method to excite the human encephalon, Insistent stimulation ( rTMS ) has particularly gained involvement for its curative potency to modify cortical irritability [ 53 ] , which throw visible radiations on the usage of the inter-hemispheric competition theoretical account in explicating the recovery after neglect upset in shot patients [ 54-57 ] . Harmonizing to these surveies, the insistent Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation ( rTMS ) induced and repaired the interhemispheric instability ( a neglect-like behaviour ) in the left or right posterior parietal cerebral mantle in healthy worlds. Based on these findings, some surveies were conducted to research whether this attack may be utile in advancing clinical recovery fr om disregard and the consequence is assuring [ 57-60 ] . Compared to traditional standard cognitive intercession, rTMS can speed up clinical recovery and more effectual in bettering standard trials. And it seemed that the severely patients at baseline benefited more from the intercession. However, the different result measurings and clinical test methodological restriction made it impossible to pull any decision based on robust grounds. This reappraisal can non reply inquiry refering the best beginning clip for neglect rehabilitation intercession, because that most participants of the included surveies were recruited in either the subacute or chronic stages. Merely few surveies implemented rehabilitation to pretermit within one month after stroke [ 26, 27 ] . As most of the self-generated recovery after shot was happened in the first month [ 61 ] , in order to avoid the confounding of self-generated recovery, farther research is necessary to find the effects of an earlier rehabilitation against natural recovery of one-sided disregard after shot. Neglect is the best individual forecaster of long-run functional damage and hapless result in the early phase [ 62, 63 ] , and recent surveies on the mechanism of neglect emphasized more on the secondary alterations of remote web related to attending [ 64 ] . A survey [ 65 ] based on neuroimaging showed that at two hebdomads after shot, the usually functional connectivity be tween left and right dorsal parietal cerebral mantle was disrupted and the grade of dislocation correlated with the badness of left spacial disregard. So it is sensible that patients should get down neglect intercession every bit shortly as possible in the acute phase in order to avoid erudite no-use occurred over the neglect side by increasing multisensory inputs or stimulation to the ipslateral encephalon parts and decelerate down the secondary alteration in the encephalon relation to pretermit. For farther research, we recommend earlier intercession and adequate follow up to maximise the benefit and proctor persist consequence of disregard rehabilitation and functional results. Our reappraisal indicates that the BIT conventional subtests and the BIT entire mark may be used to mensurate the immediate effects on one-sided disregard as the entire average consequence size on immediate effects was 0.76 and 0.57 severally, which can be consider as clinically important [ 66 ] . The BIT behavioural subtests should non be used entirely as an result as we could non establish any satisfactory consequence in the BIT-B as the consequence size is excessively little ( average immediate consequence size=0.37, average durable consequence size=0.04 ) to make any statistical important consequences. Restrictions of the reappraisal The reappraisal exists some restrictions. The quality of the included surveies limits the determination of this reappraisal. Although there was an betterment in the coverage quality as the average sum mark in this reappraisal was 6.08 A ± 0.81 ( ranged from 5 to 9 ) as rated by the PEDro, which is higher than that of the antecedently reported mark 4.56 A ± 1.54 with a scope from 2 to 7, obtained from the overall RCTs in another reappraisal of neglect rehabilitation [ 7 ] . The intention-to-treat analysis is non satisfied by any of the surveies. The sightlessness design is still the most failing of these RCTs. The heterogeneousness of surveies included meant this meta-analysis is less powerful and could non place a conclusive optimum intervention approach.in add-on ; extended hunt may acquire more surveies to beef up the decision.DecisionPrism Adaptation ( PA ) appeared to be the most common and effectual scheme among rehabilitation intercessions on one-sided disregard and rTMS po ssibly is a promising attack for intervention of one-sided disregard. Rehabilitation intercessions have positive immediate effects on one-sided disregard as measured by the BIT conventional subtest than that on the behavioral subtest. As shown by the short durable effects, effects of rehabilitation intercessions are frequently transeunt and frequently can non be generalized across clip to daily working. All surveies faced the same failing of lower power with smaller samples and restriction in sightlessness design. More strict surveies should be done before coming to a steadfast decision.